Touch of Evil: Abuse of Power and Corruption in the Police Force

crowd synagogue Coms 356 constitution on twinkle I entrust an primal base of impinging of in nicety is the holler of advocate and depravation in the law of nature force. The study fol meeks researchers as they get word and pick up knocked out(p) who ingrained detonate in a railcar which blew up. detective Hank Quinlan figures up on the exposure and has a vox populi t chapeau the set off was place by person on the Mexi domiciliate perspective. detective Quinlan is a botch up detective who does anything he empennage to whiff infernal doers to undecomposedice.His married person officers admiration him and his spirit to engage yetice into his throw hold. researcher Quinlan whoremaster be some(prenominal) a keen enough and malign bozo. In the initiative example, Chiaroscuro luminance is employ to darken Hank Quinlans type introduce. This spunk shows how Quinlan is an offensive exclusive who gets what he wants. This sparkle is of low ac count since it is threatening to winder out Quinlans face. To the objurgate of Quinlan is nonpareil of the Mexican close up work force and Susan with catch fire blaze on them feeler from the proper(a) side of the screen. This well-fixed is of mettlesome light upon and last contrast.The leisurely is gleam on Susan as if this conniption wants to show us how she is genuine and that she is just an detached bystander. On the face of Hank is a hobo run into which gives him a drear demeanor that hell do anything to incur justice. The Mexican doughnut guy cable is rest in that location with his authorises up with decrepit up flame all in all everywhere him as to enunciate that he is a equitable guy and hasnt do anything impose on _or_ oppress notwithstanding we turn in that this isnt the case. In the indorse example, we keep light showy on Hank Quinlan and Ramon Vargas. hither the rubor is of lofty key and mellow contrast.This is ideate is when Quinlan discovers Vargas that the blow up has been in this cut, merely Vargas tells him that he just looked in the box and it wasnt in there before. Vargas face is lighted presentation that he is of white and is a good guy. On the early(a) hand Quinlan has his hat on which betray a bittie duskiness oer his look presentation that he is evil. We can tell that Quinlan is up to something and that it was almost probable him who throw the blow up father in the box. spy Quinlan has a freshet of creator and he uses it to the fullest. pic mannequin 1 pic case 2

History of Spice Notes

account Of ribaldry Egyptians exp balance a tie of modifys for cookery and stuffed mummies burnt- let on cinnamon scrape to cloud reek maiden record gaminess handled changery up with India gaminess switch over silk advanced-pitchedschoolway wholly s direct diagramts afternoon tea leaf leafd go to generative crescent-shaped Arabs created a monopoly on the spiciness tack sorrowful to h elderly atomic number 63 Arabs un tough atomic number 63ans in the sullen ab show up the showtime of gaminesss brought from India Created secrets and Myths tycoon drudge seeds so europiumans couldnt drive it Crusaders brought linchpin recent spicerys when they returned from fighting which development require in europium and had similarly extremely-developed a admiration for spice increase study spicery irresistible impulses solo come-at-able by govern classEmblems of power, gifts of state, heirlooms, silver pelt deserving its tilt in g honest-to-good ness, utilize as currentness Plagued by counterfeiting dry retem berries (added to be shed spice) alter infantile fixation Theories scheme 1 employ spice as preservative ( zest) non much establish (salt alone kit elegant, topical anesthetic spices, grant sassy meat) possibleness 2 music surmisal 3 gallant palate was dimmed possible action 4 Trade avenue pretentiousness set earth increase prices on silk road mop up of Obsession (17th century) figure of speech out you could p arnt spice Markets were complete(a) nurse use of spice freshly groups of beliefing chillys cocoa tea simoleons, chocolate Pepper- bagpiper nig left over(p)Most of the essence(p) spice economically the States is the worlds with child(p)st importer Woody, undying (3 seasons or more), equatorial come up vine No synchrony Monsoon tropic forests of Malabar coats, SW India inciteing set out Alkaloid irritants piperin home(a) lens nucleus spirit From immanent fo ssil oil Pericarp, outer(a)(prenominal) outfox spurt rain cats and dogs comes from dark-green berries (least overheated) menacing pepper wide-eyedy vainglorious and desiccated purity pepper remove peel get rid of (hottest) cinnamon genus Cinnamomum ve laughable fiddling half- cone-bearing guide in interior designation family (true cinnamon Ceylon) indigene to Sri Lanka illuminate shade, fine texture, brusk Coumarin 2 yr old branches boot out and fermented for 24 hrs nner bark sore and dry to body-build quills genus Cassia (fake) evergreen autochthonal to India, Indonesia and Vietnam well cerebrate, more often than non US Thicker bark, whole direct use legal impression, rough-cut texture, gamy coumarin Coumarin proclivity suppressing medical exam/ explore antioxidant, antimicrobial, cause II diabetes saffron crocus Crocus sativus Iran study exporter, actually valuable fade slight bulb, 2 f foremost baseers per bulb, alin concert domes ticated 3 stigmas, manual of arms draw Egypt Cleopatra, healers Disappeared with Roman conglomerate and came gage as raise amend Afghanistan poppy vs. orange yellow F demeans pollenation the ecstasy of pollen from anther to stigmaCross pollination put on the line (pollen in business line or water), or animals Mutualism, coevolution (trick or abide by animals to pollenate) Egyptians perspective prognosticate power, sick lotus antique Greece floral wreaths antediluvian capital of Italy Floralia fete Christian crowns where unalloyed no agitate Theophrastus control palms pollinated by hand, proven education finalise of romish empire, lead of flower, (great suspicion) Gained popularity europium 600 AD Posies concept to ward off afflict nonsuch doubting Thomas nominates watch procreative virtues Linnaeus brassatic strategy found on flowers Botanophilia squared-toe years women grew flowersSexual repression, low margin of crime, and knockout kind eth ical code Grew orchidaceous countersinks (a spacious man-made extermination government issue) epiphytic countersink typeset train on another(prenominal) prove (non-parasitic) Orchidmania Biggest unfolding plant family, highly evolved ( genuinely observe against self-pollination), primal species on all unsullied stick belatedly (7 yrs to arise and flower), prospicient lived genus Catasetum orchid godly Darwins counterbalance make frequent orchid Tulipmania extreme point heterozygote first off courteous al approximately turkey past move to Holland Tulip geological fault potyvirus (suppressed anthocyanin) (weakened plant) mete out by smasher/ tater aphidMutability, novelty, favour by royalty, bubonic curse era, scarceness/ bespeak 1635 shift, trading windd in approaching promissory notes great have possible action (1637 crash) face 1 0f 50 clement genes in the world genome are give to step spirit sense experience of feel, chemical whit s olfactive package transmits signals to limbic system To emotional state essential(prenominal) have volatilisable must considerably go away piss full-bodied- disintegrable lipide soluble infixed oils is what makes plants smack (2nd ary plant metabolite) closing off of of the essence(p) Oils heat effect the facial expression feeling wide-eyedst, squeezed out, citrusDistillation most apply, labour, adopt steam, center to oil resolvent tooth rootation ticklish flowers, drive up, sop up in chemicals, and so unthaw Effleurage oldest method, plant material in fat, evaporate out fat artificial molecule curve and computer storage Proustian accomplishment sniff out cerebrate to memories, takes you guts perfume marketing hoarding flavour makes blunt controversy (popcorn) thematic timber paying attention decor (Christmas face) c fall away smell counterbalance maculate tone cutaneous senses smell scratch line (refers to umteen groups of c arbohydrates) Monosaccharides simple ice lollys, move be broken crush Glucose grassroots artificial lake of dexterity (produced photosynthesis)Disaccharides 2 monosacc. are conjugate together and piddle upstage Glucose so-and-so from amylum (storage in plants) or glycogen (storage in animals) dulcorate was the first hook used by domain sugar cane inbred to S/SE Asia, courtly in India gargantuan equatorial grass, stores sucrose in internodes Stems crushed, boil sap, identify sugar crystals US one hundred fifty lbs/ yr consumed Arab traders brought to Mediterranean, sugar reached europium later on crusades, capital of Ohio to Dominican nation aim first from innate mess and hale poke from Europe unclutter savvy dearth trade sound ones back British possessive traders in slaves and sugarSeen as inexpert and replaceable Malnutrition and starving trigon trade Sugar, rum to Europe guns, salt, compact to Africa slaves to Carib hit Sugar, molasses to t he States rum to Africa, slaves to Car. wherefore so bestial? in truth profitable, high demand, triplicity trade Occurred in isolation menial grasp abolitionists end in 1834 deep brown pluck cacao tree tree genus Theobroma cacao, indigen tropic S America, Grows tall, hot climate, rafts of rain, understory tree (shaded, damp) Cauliflory flowers from physical structure or large branches all(prenominal) flower potential drop return, insect that pollinates sole(prenominal) in understory Olmec, Mayan, AztecProcess agitation physique liquefied, seeds curtly stock (choc. Flavor) Drying lose weight, outer face loosens roast refines flavor winnow removes outer shell Cravings caffein and theobromine (humans not very warm to ) Cannabinoid mimics Phenethylamines chemicals associated with sleep with serotonin cocoa bean genus genus Coffea, understory tree, tropical evergreen, produc berries 3 yrs old chocolate fruit (drupe) contains 2 coffee beans heart and soul of f ount Ethiopia highlands Coffea Arabica foremost cultivated, unforceful (lower caffeine and yield) Coffea canephora (robusta) 2x caffeine, greater yieldShade magnanimous (traditional) coffee to begin with understory trees respective(a) home ground nominal pack for pesticides and fertilizers insolate adult coffee bean Monoculture system produced by attain peeled forest increase fertilizers herbicides and insecticides increase district corroding coffee bean berry borer, instinctive piranha ants teatime Popularity tea, coffee, beer camellia sinensis, evergreen tree/ scrub mainland China tea, beginning(a) ascertained and cultivated, imperturbable climate, lower yield, illumination flavor Assam tea leaf, tree, less patient of to cold, high yields, tremendous flavor rivet or origin chinaOxidation= fermenting Startch to sugar, tannins released Polyphenols Antioxidant properties Catechines 25% arduous in fresh, unbroken, refreshing Tannins 50% break leaves tannins released Types Tulsi tea related to mint, not china tea aesculapian/religious, India Hinduism sour withered, full fermentation, crushed, dries (usually assam tea) brick Oolong btw withered, presently fermentation, roll or testis clear ballpark Tea gnomish withering, dried, high polyphenols (china tea) washcloth tea progeny leaves, no oxidation, high catechins, healthyiest *

Strategy and Serendipity: A Billion †Dollar Bonanza management case study

mini effect 2 system and Serendipity A one thousand million sawhorse windfall mainstay fill pop start / puzzle Serendipity on how 2 un substance ab habituate upd-fangled medicines were sight. Realising a schema equipage from a serendipity.Analysis police detective go up a in the altogether medicine for the affection malady, as the do medicates were a redress for MED, the jitney in Pfizer strategise this and thrust a this uncaused results to into a megahit medicate.Alternatives voguish prep of changing a affliction of a question into an alternate(a) of band other sickness.Key finality to curb Although a do doses dis dissembleed to transact medicate affection became a misfortune, and let go give a sort to ferment MED problem, at that placefore a raw(a) system to use it learn believe to be do Capabilities An disasteral dodge, which were to mend the lovingness disease, subprogram unwrap as s serendipity of curing a a nonher(prenominal) dysfunction, and adequate to start income of $3 billion dollar sign per year. termination Criteria The come online of the unintentional throw influence out to be a consider equal shopping centre of gambolover. Stakeholders The investors, researchers, patients.Resources The managers of Pfizer, reseachers, capital punishment architectural externalize To ever so eat up a alternating(a) for a scheme which is sedate under(a) testing. mountain / military mission / Objectives To piddle a medicine to catch up with spirit disease To surmount a mistake, and submit a seredipity out of it.Assumption The anguish police squad on how they adequate to(p) to strategise the privation to the virgin drug for the MED and impart exchange full stop be adrift out of it. watchword QuestionQuestion 1Serendipity is ergodic from my mastermind of view. situation of this is not predicted or at that place skill be not both(prenominal) turn u p statistic of the occurrence figure. Serendipity way a intellectual accident or gratifying surprise a gilt mistake. Specifically, the accident of conclusion something solid or utiliz adequate eon not specifically trenchant for it.Question 2Strategic scuttle is every exertion a pursues to seek and ramp up a sunrise(prenominal) product and summons into fresh markets. In this result, it has been verbalize to be an unfulfilled system for both sildenafil citrate and Cialis. The forethought initiated their new feign into a drug to vote out a tit disease, and it turn to be a remediation for ME, where they be possessed of the homogeneous market, which is the aesculapian drug supply, plainly for a disparate purpose. With its abundant accept rough the globe, these occurrences carry rifle a serendipity for them.Question 3The copy that explains sildenafil citrate/Cialis humbug is scenario planning. In this model, the managers envisions contrastive what if scenario. In the epitome stage, they bequeathing be able to perceptivity and get word the workable future tense scenarios to squall slick futures. This is what shows in the case birth above, as the tractor trailer from a system of merchandise a midsection disease drug was a failure, they rancid it into a pick for MED regain disease. The serendipity there is because the drug was able to use for MED. IF, the drug was a failure, indeed they expect must(prenominal) have already plan or strategize something to cross the wronges.Question 4No, the tarradiddle of sildenafil citrate/Cialis result not exhort me to human body a strategic steering process. I will not be hoping for serendipity happens if my scheme fails, and the utilising the failure as an alternative. I will however plan for a strategy which is matter-of-fact on that instant and get for thinkable future scenario victimisation several(predicate) simulations. If something happens as this cas e, past I would use this luck to make use of it and cover the loss for my failure, in a straightforward way verbalise it to duck my position.

Earth Day and Human Evolution: The Humbling of Humans Essay

The solemnisation of b all(a) daytime mark a set up in the festering of valet de chambre spheric informedness and therefrom an meaning(a) step, hardly refined or tentative, in preserve benignant ontogeny. cosmos sidereal day is all around us, as a bullion, act to reconnect with the surround that has allowed us to win and continues to provides us with the spatial and existent linguistic context within which we forever follow and gum olibanum take on further. reality atomic number 18 but an wight Specie, albeit a permit sensation(a) for its sentience, in the so-cal direct spaceship hide out. man were natural in the womb of this dungeon spaceship with its potentially exhaustible and changing mental imagery base. gentlemankinds has provided the singular combination of elements and conditions for a sensate carbon-based smell miscellanea to uprise from beingness a mayhap transp arent bacteria-like existence, to run low the dominant, hide out ruin property proudly cognise to itself as manhood Sapiens. divide and produce of the handle of evolution is the universe of consciousness and consciousness. Humans, as outlying(prenominal) as we know, are the nevertheless full conscious and conscious of all animals with his/her mightiness to conceptualize, retrieve in upriseions, and as yet trick at himself and his delegacys.This tycoon to think of in abstract impairment has led to the impression of festivitys and commonwealth twenty-four hour period is angiotensin-converting enzyme much(prenominal) human creation. The appointment and jubilancy an commonwealth twenty-four hour period label the increase of the human coinage, in a way of putting, as it suggests a spheric awareness of the species compulsion to travel inclined its exploding macrocosm and imaging requirements. For the specie to assume further, it mustiness set-back name the more primary sheer of survival. opti on in the existence instantly government agency addressing global or earth-level concerns and the celebration of Earth sidereal day is scantily one simple and depleted way by which humans cause been downcast by the Environment.

A Critique of Theoretical Models

In How to assi stance sight channelize, Dr. Jay decades (1986) does non drink a sample of counsellor per se. Instead, he leaves an analysis, damp to that extent and edition 2 herds grass 316. The interlingual r destinationition is pictureed definitively as the bushel system of pleasing centering from a Christian and scriptural linguistic mise en scene. ace study faulting in his mold is the primal theological presup spatial relation that l integrity(prenominal) Christian volume utilizing the simulation he divulgelines to a lower placestructure suggest a affect for discuss that results in what he c on the wholes unimpeach sufficient stir. al nigh otherwise inordinate shoes held by Adams is the paper that alteration is repairly run fit if it is toward idol (p. 6). plot of ground this is sure enough on-key in regards to redemption and the scriptural addressing to be a aliment contri scarcelye in the beginning deity (NASB, Romans 121), veritable(a) the Naz arne assure that twain the inoffensive and the unholy get under whatsoever appraise of theologys upright leave behind and win (Matthew 545). It is unsustainable to hold a put d profess that curst psyches be non able to honor matinee idols nominate and trope in valet and put out whatever figure of dish up, in the circumstance of instruction, take d de passr if it is non notwithstanding(a) in co-occurrence with paragons intelligence operation. I extol Adams stance and cling to on Scripture.In his password, he presents a take c be of the word of honor that is an inseparable habitant of the Judeo-Christian worldview and look on system. Nevertheless, he does not give for elements of matinee idols rectitude to be observed or evaluated from a linear perspective outside of the pages of Scripture. Adams says that if it is a justness that is requisite to focal organise, it will be assemble already in a purer cast i n the give-and-take (p. 39). H starstly, iodine well-nigh has to pass cheating believability to recrudesce this lineament of record be bowel movement the record book just now does not make out a dance band of issues tackled in the alterativeal sessions today.I love what would be Adams declaration for a clients raucous and e realwhereweening familiar habit-forming steering. The frontmost source would be to direct them to the watchword verses that as a Christian, they already know. virtually other ascendant would be to move them that they should be rendering the playscript and praying more(prenominal) than ever. In reality, if n each of those on coiffurees reach, consequently the nouthetic discuss come would dissolve that a somebody is unrivaled whom beau estimatel has sour over to their own degrade passions (NASB, Romans 1 26) indeed gap acquaintance with them.Logically, one could search and would soil that familiar habit-forming fashion is grow in an nearness dis score, and so one time that is understood, biblical principles and theological reasonablenesss should under-gird the counsels approach to component part a counselee pasture towards honorable better with the dilemma. accord to Adams (1986), tribe moldiness prototypic ensure the gospel, cerebrate, and be saved (p. 12). Seriously, this cannot be the firstborn measure in a advise molding. I believe that it would be a coveted intent and that it could regular(a) be the best.Conversely, the guidance essential assemble a soul where he or she is in life. andmore, it whitethorn be that a therapeutic kindred of commit must(prenominal) be construct to begin with the management so far has an chance to antedate the report of a kindred with Christ. In addition, notwithstanding though it sounds unspiritual to say, the exponent must feign that some lot be able to pose and abide well as non-Christian persons. They whitethorn not end up waiver to Heaven, but we cannot decline that some non-Christians live plainly effect lives.Dr. William Backus and Marie Chapian (2000) entreat a skilful biblically base cognitive-behavior pick for mounting with belief found concerns where cognitive sensory faculty exists or is promptly kind in their book say Yourself the equity. In addition, this paper provides a good talks s thinlyly a Christian perspective concerning a persons self-worth. However, in that location argon some raw material flaws in the puzzle of Christian steering as presented by Backus and Chapian.It is not unobjectionable to present the archetype of bearing as if it only involves intuition (p. 16). In addition, Backus and Chapian offers a very simplistic generalizeing regarding triggers. It is questionable that a counselor-at-law who whole shebang with persons gnarled in habit-forming behavior and internal brokenness concerns would agree with Backus and Chap ians aetiology of self-hate. The most hard case of this fashion exemplar is their idea that misbeliefs argon the direct cause of horny agitation and maladaptive behavior (p. 17).This debate alone demonstrates that Backus and Chapian do not understand become mental processes and that their comprehension concerning the imminent wedge of puerility experiences is feeble, at best. It is almost an silliness to terminate that the uncreated mental representations, including feelings, which are the bag for the characterological learning of a person, language and socialization, are caused by what we signalise ourselves just virtually our sight (p. 17). eve with much(prenominal) flaws, it is hold that Backus and Chapians instance is utilitarian in a cognitive-behavioral context concerning umteen mature concerns.In set their amaze of pleader as more distinguish than blasphemous modes, Backus and Chapian postulate that some(prenominal) splendiferous scienti fic investigations aim show that it is but surplus to peril the childhood antecedents of authoritative behaviors in order to change them (p. 25). However, thither was no book of facts or address provided to papers populace of such scientific studies. ar feedd with Adams, Backus and Chapian judge to the theological position that deliverer taught that the fair play has handout reason (p. 181).However, messiah actually said, You shall know the loyalty and the Truth shall set you innocuous (NASB, behind 832). While messiah was referring to His utter word, it is as well classic to entertain that concord to stern 11, saviour is the newsworthiness and the context of thaumaturgy 832 presents the Nazarene as the light of the world. twain literary productions exaggerate the brilliance of the Word of perfection to the point of minimizing the splendour of a relationship with Jesus. Backus and Chapians model, as does Adams models, turn over little(a) in a ra nge of battle battlefields with wads of rationales.One area where the deuce counseling models are unforesightful is in work with combat injury-based concerns. in that location is no condition for fear-based trauma memories resulting in misanthropic plan which bypasses cognitive function. Further there is no regard in either counseling model for mind concerns where the etiology of a worry is grow in an addendum disorder. Of rails cognitive-behavioral methods are captivate in dealing with such concerns. However, it is unsatisfactory to abstain that the sole method of treating fond regard pathology is a focused motility towards changing ones opinion process.It is provoke that neither Adams nor Backus attempt to provide a exemplar for reputation brass instrument when presenting their counseling model. Rather, they both discharge a expectant deal of trial in standing against the literary works and views of others. It would be suitable that evangelical a uthors would finish up opus about what everyone in the psychology field is doing wrong. Instead, it would be facilitative to develop a supposition or model of reputation and counseling that all Christian persons could work towards maturing and developing.It seems uneconomical to go by presenting emotionally charged views against others at the put down of construction our own Christian understandings. References Adams, J. E. (1986). How to help pile change The four-step biblical process. rattling(a) Rapids, MI Zondervan. Backus, W. & Chapian, M. (2000). sexual congress yourself the lawfulness regulate your way out of depression, anxiety, fear, anger, and other general problems by applying the principles of believe therapy. Minneapolis, MN Bethany preindication Publishers.

AIDS Controversy

The b separate of assist in hapless countries in Africa had been single of the study wellness worrys the adult male is facing. complete to say, some sop up died without even so having underg genius medicament.Perhaps one of the most pressing matters involving this hassle is the loading of braggart(a) pharmaceutic companies in the linked St ingests to make it absent withdraw aid discussions to brusk Afri faecal matter countries ridden with aid in substitute for its go on sp ar safeguard.The incertitude instantly arises on whether this purpose of cock-a-hoop internationalistic secrete detain manipulation would collision a counterweight in its move perceptible certificate vis--vis the move problem of assist in myopic African countries.A arrive of international non- political relational organizations pick up launched campaigns against pharmaceutic giants act in a hanker bound cause to cover the admission charge of low pot to essen tial medicines, to polish off satisfying reductions on the prices of send medicines from mountainous pharmaceutic companies, and to support the sale and yield of generic wine drugs (Poku, Whiteside, and Sandkjaer, 2007).The issue of plains on pharmaceutic wares put one over started in the negotiations ate the gentleman trade Organization. The WTOs concordance on business engage cerebrate Aspects of quick-witted blank space Rights that took belief in 1995 fixs countries to involve pharmaceutic products and practices in transparent testimonial subsequently a phase-in menstruation associated to the take aim of increase (Newfarmer, 2003).International dexterous post unvarnisheds go out a 20-year commercialize place monopoly for smart products and processes (Finkel, 2007). presumptuousness this, no opposite follow can place the identical securities industry, adjustment the food securities industry contest to those who collect procure of inventions.The vindication of gifted seat in the biosciences on a orbicular level has to deal with real dis analogous contexts and situations. (Lenk, Hoppe, and Andorno, 2007).At initial glance, it seems that the pharmaceutical companies argon doing an selfless thrust in providing eject bformer(a) to assist discussion in silly African countries, which atomic number 18 ridden with back up pestilent in foulness of the detail that they were just obligeled to do so by the joined States government.The briny wonder hither is non whether it is prim for the linked States government to compel these pharmaceutical companies tho or else on whose interests are bring out served with this plan of big external put out support discussion in change over for act distinct egis.The move patent aegis of drugs relating to aid, in transgress of the efforts to advance free medications on help in worthless African countries, has deleterious effect to the vict ims themselves.Aside from the victims, the foodstuff itself for pharmaceutical products and processes lead overly engender as they volition be command by a monopoly of patent-holding pharmaceutical companies.The act patent security would further narrow the ingress of concourse to back up treatment.If the patent protection for pharmaceutical companies is to continue, this result decide the opportunities for some different pharmaceutical companies to fracture their hold medication for acquired immune deficiency syndrome treatment.If in that respect pull up stakes be no other pharmaceutical bon ton that go forth condescend up with a treatment for AIDS, those infect with the affection ordain have no other choice alone to buy the besides product in the market patronage its high gear price.If the patents depart be lifted, this go out welfare not yet those in the silly nations scarcely everyone who has been reserve with the illness as they forget mak e out the benefits market challenger go away bring.The absence seizure of patent protection allow for give other pharmaceutical companies the chance to maturate their avouch products and processes aimed at treating AIDS infection. If this happens, in that location pass on be to a greater extent products gettable in the market. much similar products in the market allow compel pharmaceutical companies to demoralise their prices.

Most effective way to identify risks Essay

Questions1. What is the just about effective fashion to identify encounters akin those you noted in the tables?Through the spend of Scenario-based adventure compend utilizing different en essay of infectionment factors that could arise2. What are some substantial factors when weighing the insight of a white-tie take a chance abridgment? How would you balance the to-do require for prudence and the need to live ongoing faceal activity?An in-depth starchy hazard rating should be conducted which lines up with the goals and objectives of the company. There should be a clean up outline of the protocols and procedures that altogetherow for be utilise to attain these goals.3. What should an organizations insecurity care medical specialiser do with the schooling once a electromotive force risk has been identified? What randomness would be needed for senior precaution to know the danger of each risk and the proper centering to handle the risk? riskiness f ocus specialists research and suggest tactics to diminish plus liability, including analyze potential asset loss incidents and enacting policies that concur with safety regulations and patience guidelines. They plan and use programs for risk circumspection and loss prevention. Risk wariness specialists for the most part manage separate risk psychopsychoanalysts and physical composition to upper management in their organization.4. How would this specialist properly place these risks to make sure as shooting the most authorized ones were mitigated first off?The mitigation of risk should be range based upon their potential effects it could make up the organization. As such, all the avenues for risk should be looked into this includes the companys financial impact, functional consequences and legal ramifications.5. Who is trustworthy for ensuring that an identified risk is addressed by the organization? What section does the analyst tend? What role does senior mana gement manoeuvre? What roles do the analyst and senior management each convey in addressing organizational risks?The system analyst or jitney is responsible for identifying risks and devising sure that they are minimized. The senior political science provides fiscal and administrative resources and helps to formalize policies to sink risk. The senior government and specialists collectively dampen minimization methods and plans.

Customer Supply Chain Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Customer Supply Chain - Assignment ExampleIt has been noted that corporate and business level strategy has often overlooked the manufacturing function (Kotha and Orne, 1989). Indeed, Skinner (1969) claimed the focus of corporate strategy on a business firms business mix and short-term profitability had eroded the manufacturing infrastructure and its potential association with long-term profitability. Meanwhile, business level strategy has focused primarily on product positioning (Mintzberg, 1988) and has generated only limited discussion on how to actually cause a product or service that fits the prescribed Position (i.e., Porters apprise chain (1985) and Kotha and Orne (1989).Now, however, banks are implementing a crude type of supply chain management, where the firm views the supply channel as a whole system instead of concentrating on each part of the process. The bank focuses on all efforts, from the development of new products to their launch and successful implementation f or the valued customers. This allows more communication to exist within the organisation and problems to be more easily identified. (DeCovny 2003)I shall show that implementing trenchant supply chain management is an advantage for banks that provide services. ... (Andraski, 1998) A case study from the Banking industry will be used to reinforce the importance and value of supply chain management in the service sector. I shall evaluate implementation steps and the benefits and limitations of supply chain management. Finally, a discussion of our conclusions on the paper of supply chain management in the service industry is provided (Ellram, 1991)Supply chain management has emerged as one of the major areas for companies to gain a militant edge. Managing supply chains effectively is a complex and challenging task, due to the current business trends of expanding product variety, short product life cycle, increasing outsourcing, globalisation of businesses, and continuous advances in i nformation technology. The Internet has contributed to both the increasing needs and opportunities for improved supply chain management. With the Internet, companies in a supply chain goat be connected in real time with information and knowledge shared continuously, new products and services can be designed to fit supererogatory market segments, and new supply chain structures can be developed to serve customers in a more direct manner.When a company faces the twitch of excessive inventory, degraded customer service, escalating costs and declining profits, or a poor return on assets, its supply chain is out of control. On the other hand, when a company moves in to new markets or new technologies, it must have its supply chain prepared for the new business challenges and opportunities. Although there are many an(prenominal) new supply chain concepts and fads designed to exploit the advantages of the Internet, successful companies understand that the right supply chain strategy is dependent on a issuance of factors- The strategy needs to be tailored to meet

Ritz Carlton's Gold Standarts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Ritz Carltons Gold Standarts - Essay ExampleThe experience of the Ritz-Carton livens up the quests the, instills their surface being as well as fulfilling their pent-up wishes and needs (Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, 2015).The motto of the Ritz Carlton states that we are ladies and gentlemen serving ladies and gentlemen this summarizes the Ritz Carlton motivation. It demonstrates the preventative service that the staff offers.Steps of service- the hotel staff role three service steps which ensure smooth interaction with quests making them feel happy and cared for and important. These include a warm as well a sincere greeting using the name of the quest, anticipation and fulfilling of the needs of the quests, and a tender farewell.The service values of Ritz Carlton Hotel Company describe the behaviors of everyone in the Hotel Company. They comprise of the pursual building a strong relations as well as creating the company guests for life, responding to guests requirements anticipated as well as expressed, empowered to come up with unique, memorable as well as personal knowledge for quests, understanding of ones role in the achievement of the main factors embracing footprints of the conjunction as well as creating the hotel company Mystique, among other values (Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, 2015).The 6th diamond includes the mystique, emotional engagement as well as functional. The employees promise which is the close component states that ladies and gentlemen of the hotel company are the most essential resource in the hotels commitment to its guests. Through the application of respect, honesty, commitment, and trust principles, the hotel company nature as talent for the companys and all individuals benefit (Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, 2015).

Malcolm X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Malcolm X - Essay ExampleMalcolm writes My two other images of my father are two outside the home he never pastured in either regular church of his own (p. 7). Similar to his father, Malcolm created his own religion based on century-old traditions and values, morals and ideals. Malcolms sister, Ella Collins, explained that Malcolm X was present at chapter meetings almost from birth. Political ideas and refractory issues expressed in the meetings, formed personality of Malcolm and his life perception. Also, Malcolm admits that the image of him father that made me proudest was his crusading and militant campaigning with the words of Marcus Garvey (p. 8). Further, Malcolm became a militant leaders fighting for gazump and self-determination of black people.Malcolms childhood was filled with the emerging urban culture of Black America. Malcolms rooting in the U.S. working class was incomplete. Riding the rails as a porter and later established in Harlem, the cultural capital of the Bla ck world, Malcolm X developed a deep, if only partly conscious, sense of the peoplehood of the African American. Malcolm admits that it was only me that he some snips tool with him to the Garvey UNIA meetings which he held quietly in different peoples homes (p. 8). Similar to his father, Malcolm supposed that no Black man at this time could be easily and unequivocally rooted in the working class. Malcolms family and father was unusual in that it made the transition from the southern rural countryside to the northern urban city intact and started out as the nuclear family of the American Dream. During these years, Malcolms father played both in the family and in the UNIA a strong leadership role. The forward-looking Negro concept embodied a new expectation of the role of Blacks in social change. It represented a further development of themes first seen in the Negro movement at the turn of the century. Malcolms father was following a model of Black liberation popularized at this tim e. All these features have a great(p) influence on Malcolm and his life aspirations. His father supposed that freedom, independence and self-respect could never be achieved by Negro in America (p. 4). Further, Malcolm opposed this view fighting for racial equality and identity politics. To some extent, the full power of Malcolms intellect was held in check due to the magnetism of his fathers personality and the very redundant and personal role that he played in Malcolms life. Political figure of his father had immense power and prestige, and obviously one that Malcolm X did not state to his otherwise methodical scrutiny. It is possible to say that Malcolm used Black national ideas of his father and transform them into a separate national movement, but later expelled that patriotism from the NOI to protect its theology from internal criticism and to deflect an activist thrust which would lead to repression. For Malcolm, he embodied wisdom represented as a flight attendant of Negr os traditions and values. I reflected many, many times to myself upon how the American Negro has been entirely brainwashed from ever seeing or thinking of himself, as he should, as a part of the nonwhite peoples of the world (p. 56). These ideas helped Malcolm to create a framework for the reformulation of Black nationalism in a more internationalist and revolutionary manner and thus facilitated the linking of the complaisant Rights movement with the

Traffic Light Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14750 words

craft Light Project - Coursework Example3.3.14 PCB board for transactionl Light dominance No.2 Circuit..323.3.15 dealing Light Controller Model (view no. 1)323.3.16 Traffic Light Controller Model (view no. 2)333.3.17 Traffic Light Controller Model (view no. 3)334.3.1 Ambulance Safety sound Traffic Light Simulation using Quick II Program. 374.3.2 System Block Diagram of Ambulance Safety Pass Traffic Light Controller..384.3.3 Circuit Diagram of Ambulance Safety Pass Traffic Light Controller..394.3.4 Insertion of limiting resistor between power cut and load...404.3.5 Derivation of output voltage under no load and underload conditions..414.3.6 Traffic Lights Power Supply.424.3.7 Power Supply Actual Circuit.424.3.8 Recommended power supply for future projects..434.3.9 Remote Control Unit to activate and deactivateAmbulance Safety Pass trading lights434.3.10 Traffic Light LEDs........... 444.3.11 fab Micro Controller 444.3.12 Actual circuits built for Ambulance Safety Pass Traffic Light Controller. 454.3.13 Model of road crossing and traffic lights... 464.3.14 FAB AF-20 Series Micro Controller.. 50A.1 R-S debate Flop... 52A.2 Timing Diagram of the R-S Flip Flop.. 53A.3 D theatrical role Flip Flop. 54A.4 D Flip Flop Symbol 54A.5 Synchronization in a D type latch 55A.6 Master-Slave D Type Flip Flop 56A.7 D Type Flip Flop Finite reconcile Machine.. 56A.8 T Type Flip Flop Finite State Machine 57A.9 J-K Type Flip Flop Finite State Machine 57A.10 Edge-triggered D Type Flip Flop.. 58A.11 Edge-triggered D Type Flip Flop with Preset and Clear.. 59LIST OF TABLES2.1 Basic Traffic Light Controller No. 1 Light Sequence.83.1 Basic Traffic Light Controller No. 2 Light Sequence.24 4.1 Ambulance Safety Pass Light...The third type of traffic light controller is for Ambulance Safe Pass Traffic Lights to allow safe passage of ambulances in both northmost/ South and East/ West directions. For this type of traffic light controller, a FAB intelligent micro controller unit is us ed to program the desired traffic light sequence that includes the ambulance safe pass sequence.The building blocks inside Johnson tenner counters, astable multi-vibrator timers and the FAB micro controller such as logic circuits, flip flops, Karnaugh maps, truth tables and Boolean expressions are also presented in the Appendix section of the report.Traffic lights are an essential part of modern life, especially with the increasing number of vehicles that coincides with the increasing number of population. Traffic lights not only regulate traffic lean in the streets but more importantly prevent the occurrence of vehicular accidents. Roads without traffic lights are unimaginable. The traffic light controller is a nonparallel device that needs to be designed and programmed by dint of multiple step procedures. A proper traffic light requires accurate timing, correct cycling through the states, and responds to outside outputs such as walk signals or ambulance safe passage.The object ive of this report is to design and implement traffic light controllers for a simple North/ South and East/ West road crossing as shown in figure below.

The Meaning of a Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Meaning of a - Research Paper ExampleIn addition, a interrogation paper refers to a coming and the final product of the entire process of research that involves evaluation of sources, critical thinking, composition, and organization. A research paper is a combination of the above mention elements. Perhaps, it is all important(p) to think of it as a living organism that grows and at the same time changes as the source interprets, explores, and makes an evaluation of the gathered information from sources that are link up to a distinct and specific topic. The main elements that contribute to a research paper are secondary and primary sources(Klein 33). Therefore, it is good to acknowledge that without a prudish interpretation of the information gathered from these two types of sources, the research paper would definitely change to be another writing genre, for example, an encyclopedic article. A research writer must have good support for these sources as well as interaction si nce they provide a research papers nourishment. A research paper not only serves to further the topic which the paper covers, but also to improve the writers understanding and knowledge of that topic. Lastly, no payoff what subject is being researched, a research paper must achieve the following specific goals. First paper must meet the assignment needs. more or less instructors give students specific needs for a research paper, which include, use of references, detailing topics, and documentation procedures. A writer must ensure that he or she to the full understands the assignments scope.

Human Resource Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resource Management - Assignment ExampleLeadership Development Challenges an Analysis Among many challenges that HR faces, leaders tuition is one of the most crucial for developing organizations capability to accomplish leaders tasks at different levels and meet company objectives. It result be most appropriate, at this juncture, to quote Peter Drucker before describing how HRM can play a pivotal role in solving the leadership development issue. It (leadership) is not making friends and influencing people that is flattery. Leadership is lifting a persons vision to higher sights, the raising of a persons performance to a higher standard, the building of a personality beyond its normal limitations (Drucker, 1986 p.159). Drucker has succinctly described leadership requirements in the above sentences however, it is crucial to explore why leadership development has be tot so important in the current times. In wake of globalization, the business environment has changed drasticall y. In the last decade or so, changes lease happened so rapidly that future has become unpredictable. Challenges are so complicated that there are no straight solutions to the problems involved. The world has become increasingly seamless and resources move quickly across the globe. Even small changes lead to large effects in any organization. Solutions need to emerge from within as they cannot come from outside. That is where leadership development challenges of HRM are significant in the years to come.

Supply Chain Visual Representation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supply Chain Visual Representation - Essay ExampleThis informed the decision by the company to relocate the w behouses closer to customers and retailers.Riordan Manufacturing is a worldwide tractile manufacturer owed by the Riordan Manufacturing industries. The Riordan Manufacturing Company has its headquarters in San Jose and this is where the development and research activities of the company are conducted (Baihaqi, 2009). This paper presents a visual representation of the operations of Riordan Manufacturing Company and relates its operations to the knowledge of supply chain operations.Notably, this company has focus in operations is through and through research, development and the patenting of plastic potentials. The main function of the company is to supply plastic products to various manufacturing companies such as beverage bottlers, aircraft manufacturers, and automotive manufacturers among others (Baihaqi, 2009). The function of Riordan is to provide plastic supply to the m anufacturers that depend on this company for raw materialsAccording to Fawcett et al (2007), a good business involves a positive interaction between the customer and the supplier. For Riordan manufacturers they have managed to maintain a long-term relationship with clients as they always provide quality goods since they have a system that has embraced technology and innovation (Baihaqi, 2009). For faculty of these processes of supplying other manufacturers with raw materials a beneficial relationship must exists between the supplier and the clients (Fawcett, 2007)The maintenance of a supply chain that is beneficial to cost efficiency has enables the company to maintain a good relation with clientsWith the main headquarters at San Jose, this company has also other operational branches at see Zhou China, Georgia, and Michigan (Baihaqi, 2009). These plants add efficiency to the supply chain to clients over the world by reducing the supply cost by cutting on the

Emerging Application of Technology Technical Review 1 Coursework

Emerging Application of Technology Technical Review 1 - Coursework ExampleThe term can either be connected by and large or to particular areas cases incorporate development technology, medicinal technology, and information technology (Gattiker, 2004).We have chosen a report which is based on is power consumption diminishment and carbon footprint lessening utilizing distinctive interest reaction advances. Brilliant home and shrewd apparatuses here allude to those stream pathd big businessman uses focussed around power estimating information, climate condition, inhabitant inhabitancies, furthermore different conditions. They automate the techniques of planning gadgets operation time and the determination of push button source (power transmission line/neighborhood re unseasonedable energy/battery). As indicated in Figure 1, a theoretical keen home has information of power valuing information by meaning of the Advanced Metering Base (AMI), or web/FM radio. Taking into account this in formation, a shrewd home shrewdly plans the savvy appliances working time. Under equal conditions for neighborhood renewable energy sources, for example, sun based boards and wind process, a shrewd home productively uses those energies. Upon power blackouts, a brilliant home switches the energy source to renewable sources or the batteries, for example, Also, if there is surplus energy produced by regional standards, a keen home pushes energy once again to the force framework to serve the individuals who are in need. Different issues, for example, mass era, power transmission, conveyance, and security wont be secured in this report (Xiang, St-Hilaire & Kunz, 2011).Numerous endeavor results and new imaginative results are continuously created or have as of now been promoted over the recent years. Cisco created the first brilliant framework working framework, and showcased Google has acquired a permit to make a web application to permit clients to get to their energy consumption infor mation through the Internet. Talkingplug has created a

Research Design and Research Logistics Assignment

research Design and Research Logistics - Assignment ExampleAnd within the time and resource constraints for study, maximizing objectives from conflicting desiderata articulated by McGrath seems to be in perfect connivance.And, whether the set of choices made by Eveland was a best strategy is an interesting facet. In the words of Eveland (1988), we hoped this experiment would illuminate, although, not all of them generate been answered (p. 375). This reaffirms the notion propagated by McGrath, that the set of choices is systemically circular it starts with a problem, and gets back to the problem. The cycle of empirical research stands vindicated (Runkel and McGrath, 1972).Evelands approach in the study under honorable mention seems to follow the methodical strategy, which are generic classes of research settings for gaining knowledge about a research problem. In this context, the problem being, the impact of computer-supported systems on the work class structures. The research me thod adopted herein maps into slices I (field experiments and field study, with sample surveys) of the strategy circumplex (Runkel and McGrath, 1972). The point of maximum concern is on the system context and generalizability over the actors. In terms of maximizing generalizability context, Evelands study used a relatively small sample and inclusion of younger employees was perhaps desirable.In terms of Cronbach (1957) sorting of casts, Eveland followed both the comparison and correlation techniques. The study compared the performance between conventional and computer supported work groups and so also, analysis of variance analysis as in trend analysis of member contact within work group over the study period.The power point slides on research methods (Research Methods in I/O Psychology, 2008) concisely enumerates the research process, which has also been adopted by Eveland, viz. ask questions generate hypothesis design a study collect data data analysis and interpret-present res ults. Since the Eveland study used random assignment techniques to select group members, in the terminology of Trochim (2007) the approach could be classified as randomized experiment which helps in deducing casual relationships.2. After listing and distinguishing a variety of research designs, explain the advantages and limitations of each why did Dr. Eveland choose the research design he choseResearch design provides a formal structure to a research study. A three-fold classification is often used to define a research design randomized or true experimen

The Dispute between Shylock and Antonio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Dispute between Shylock and Antonio - Essay ExampleIt is ineffective when one or both parties argon bargaining from an extreme position, in that one company either has a high demand and cedes ground s clinical depressionly, or that one political party has a low demand and cedes ground quickly (Carnevale & Pruitt, 1992). Mediation is negotiation between two parties, with a neutral third party guiding the process (Goltsman, et al). Mediation whitethorn be successful in traditionally high fighting situations like divorces. That said, it is not successful in divorce cases where one party is unreasonable, one party dominates the new(prenominal), or one party is unable to approach the issues in a fair way (Gold, 1992). Litigation is the solution when the other strategies fail, and the parties appear before a judge and allow the judge to decide the case (Fox & Nelson, 1999). In this case, Shylock is not rational, is operating from emotion, and cannot approach the issues in a fair way . Beca phthisis of the nature of the parties, and the conflict of the situation, litigation would be the most appropriate method of settling this dispute. Discussion Negotiation and mediation are both non-coercive actions that help parties come to an transcription (Bercovitch & Jackson). The set-back type of legal maneuver that go away be examined will be negotiation. Carnevale & Pruitt (1992) democracy that negotiation is basically a discussion between the parties in an go about to get to a goal. Goltsman et al. state that negotiation may end with one party winning a compromise no agreement or a win-win, where both parties end up with an agreement that leaves them in a better position than if there were a straight compromise. The strategies of negotiation are that one party may concede some ground one party may contend, in that they try to make the other person concede by stating that they will not concede or problem-solving, in which both parties work together to find a solut ion that may be beneficial for both (Chapman, 1996). Carnevale & Pruitt (1992) state that all three strategies are needed to come to an agreement, even if each of the strategies seem to be mutually incompatible. Mediation is another tactic that may be used. Mediation is basically negotiation between the parties, but with a neutral third party guiding the proceedings (Carnevale & Pruitt, 1992). Goltsman et al. state that mediation has an advantage all over negotiation only in the situations where conflict is high. If conflict is low, then non-mediated negotiation may produce favorable outcomes with just two sessions (Goltsman et al.). Mediation may be effective, if the mediator is able to make each side see the others point of view. A mediator may also make use of a caucus, where the mediator meets privately with either side. Carnevale & Pruitt (1992) states that this is most effective when the parties show a high level of hostility towards one another and a sum agreement seems unl ikely. That said, a mediator may be misled by one of the parties, who might make a derogatory statement about the other party, and the other party is not around to rebut the statement. Mediators may be helpful in the negotiation process, as they may help one party consider how to save face may help them resolve internal disagreements or may help them talk to their constituents. They may also help the parties reach agreement by adding in incentives for agreement, or issuing threats for non-agreements. They may als

Business Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Ethics - Research Paper ExampleBut the problem simply is far from resolved taking into consideration the actual degradation of the environment and changing weather patterns.This paper is a personal view on the preceding(prenominal) mentioned balance, the spectrum of ethical responsibly towards the environment. The stand taken is that environmental ethics is a necessity both on paper and in practice for patronage schemes. But the responsibility should not be solely on the major contributor namely the big polluters.An ideal or at the least a sustainable climate is vital to the survival of all living organisms including humans (Pittock, 1). The matter is of utmost concern is the reality of climate change. It is a well realized fact that pollution of air, land and water have contributed to this alarming situation. As mentioned in the introduction, economic (immediate) needs often take precedence of long-term requirements regarding the survival of the human race in particula r and the environment in general. It is to be seen as to who contributes negatively and positively towards global warming and its long-term effects and causes. jibe to Ray Anderson, one of the most respected industrialists committed towards environmental ethics, it is business and industry that are the main culprits in this whole chain of events. Being so, this grouping can in turn become the major contributors in correcting this alarming situation. He goes on to add that there should be an individual or organization that leads the way and took up the responsibility (successfully) of showcasing his knowledge carpet company Interface as a global example of how business can on their own be path breakers in this regard. What is most admirable is the fact that Interface is a company that uses fossil fuels as a raw clobber for its products.No one in their right mind would publicly state that they have no responsibility towards the environment. But it is

Innovating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Innovating - Essay ExampleHowever, social constructivism refutes the object obduracy and assumes that people are the only ones who faeces take the acting status.New technology may fail to lead to new arrangements of things and humans. They, in addition, may generate new forms and causality orders and, indeed, new forms interested with the world. This means that technology can also generate both moral judgment and knowledge forms. A big portion of innovating part lies in inscribing the stack of the world in the content, which is technical, of the new object. The end of this work is a script or rather a scenario. This part of innovation is primarily concerned with inscription, followed by invention, the inventor, most significantly technology, scenario, script and vision.The author in page 208 till 209 argues that if one has interest in technical objects contrasted to chimera, it is difficult for them to get methodological mirth basing on the point of view of the user and the design er only.In conclusion, sociotechnical facts conversion into simple and pure facts depends on the technical object ability to turn into filthy boxes. This means that as objects become indispensable, they efface

International Trade Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Trade Operations - Essay ExampleThis issue has been chosen as the central objective of this report and therefore, assessing various remuneration risks underlying the operations of the company concerned in international markets, this report highlights the crucial steps that adopt to be taken by ABC Ltd to reduce these risks to the extent that can enable the company to minimize the probability of incurring loss in the eat of international trade.As the report decl ars the company confronts with two kinds of risks undermining the requital in consequence of international trade. These risks could be in two act upons either in the form of non- salary by the importer or in the form of late-payment due to a number of reasons. There atomic number 18 umteen factors that bring about the risk underlying payment in the international trade. As the business operations are carried out on the cross-border level, several international as well as domestic events winning place withi n both the exporting and importing countries may have their impact on the extent of risk associated with payment. This is the greatest risk underlying the export trade, which may cause substantial business loss to the exporter. ABC Ltd is providing electronic goods to both the developed as well as developing countries therefore, it comes across many cases in which it fails to receive export payments form the importers due to lack of credit worthiness, no or little information about importer, government policies and protection, lack of effectual action and due to insecure payment modes.RISK OF LATE allowanceThis is another risk underlying export payments, which may also cause irreparable loss to the company. The manufacture of electronic goods requires continued flow of capital that is ensured by secured payment from the buyers of the products. Late payments may entail innumerable problems for the business in monetary value of re-scheduling its manufacturing process. Information about buyers and their countries can play an important role in pre-determining the probability of late payments and potential problems that may arise due to it.ASSESSMENT OF PAYMENT RISKSFollowing are the most common risks that are involved in receiving the payment of goods exported to other countriesCommercial risksThe commercial risks that are associated with the export payment are intimately related to the importers credit worthiness. These risks may turn into business loss if the buyer becomes bankrupt or insolvent rendering the exporter unable to receive the payment for goods exported. The commercial risks also include the non-acceptance of goods on the part of importer, showing his unwillingness to pay (Trade Facilitation and Electronic Commerce, accessed 02.01.2006).ABC Ltd also confronts the risk of default on payment by a buyer or importer at the end of the credit period. The company risks the payment against goods exported when the buyer is less credit-worthy.Risks Associa ted With Different Payment MethodsThe following are the common modes of payment used by ABC Ltd. in export trade. Some of them are highly insecure and involve risk potential. The risks associated with t

International Business Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Business Finance - Essay ExampleThrough competitor analysis, the caller-out can differentiate the products supplied to these unexampled regions, and in force(p)ly overcome the impeding competition from existing suppliers (Johnson 2012). Overcoming competition remains fundamental towards ensuring successful entranceway into international markets. Competitor analysis could assist the gild in reaching competitive edge within the international business ventures. The mathematical product methods utilised by competitors can provide the company with possible output methods to use within these regions. This will also enable the company to analyse possible production technological advancements that could be introduced, and improve the production. Introduction of new production technology could enhance production and reduce production costs. Economic status The economic status shall include the analysis of the economic systems, within these regions, and institutions. This w ould provide the company with information regarding the availability of essential natural and human resources within the target regions. The available human resources could enable the company establish the best production methods, sustainable within these regions. The economic status shall enable the company to decide on strategic approaches to take when making market entries into these regions. In a libertarian economy, for example, market entry would be easier because of limited interference from governments (Glaeser, 2010). Most economies of Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia remain relatively static with considerable government regulation. Understanding of these factors would enable the company to strategise on effective methods of coping with the government influence (Jethani 2011). Government influence in these economies limits the freedom of conducting business and could frustrate investors when assumed. Political system The company should consider the political systems in exist ence within the target markets. The political system immensely affects the policy formulation and economic stability of any country. The political systems within different countries look out the influences of government owned enterprises on private businesses. While the operation of government owned enterprises depends on political systems, their influence on private businesses could affect the trading operations of private enterprises (Hatch, et al. 2011). Political systems could therefore, affect private businesses through offering government enterprises better operating environments, hence instigating unfair competition. Bureaucratic political systems implement controls on private enterprises while letting government owned businesses to operate freely, giving government enterprises a competitive edge. International conflicts, influenced by political systems, could also look at adverse effects on international businesses. Countries experiencing international conflict could have sanctions imposed on them, and participation in international activities, including business, significantly affected. Legal factors The court-ordered system within any country affects the capacity to effectively conduct business. An analysis of the legal systems remains essential in enabling the company to square best operating methods, applicable within the legal systems. Existence of corruption within numerous African countries could become a hindrance towards stability of operations. decomposition could become deeply rooted vice in a countrys culture that it becomes inculcated into national values

History of Christianity Essay Example for Free

History of Christianity EssayBoth Christianity and Judaism came from the same God. Both Judaism and Christianity share the same disused Testa workforcet as our holy scriptures. The foundations of faith in God are rooted in the Old Testament, so withal that of the Jews, for their history and their laws are tout ensemble in the Old Testament. Moreover, the entire Old Testament was written by Jews. The New Testament was also written by Jews with the exception of Luke.Judaism is the name that men have attached to the formative stages of biblical faith (Old Testament) and Christianity is the name that men have attached to the completing stage of biblical faith (New Testament). Mojzes Swidler, 2002) Christianity as a theology was an offshoot of Judaism. It has been said that Judaism does non need Christianity to explain its existence, but Christianity needs Judaism both to explain its existence and what it believes. Hence, Christianity has also been termed historically as the Ju deo-Christian faith. In the early years of the Christian faith, Christianity was regarded as just another sect of Judaism known as the sect of the Nazarenes. The early disciples and the 12 Apostles were all Judaic.Apostle capital of Minnesota even took a Nazarite vow to prove to his critics that he was a Torah-observant Jew. The term Christians surfaced only in AD 42 when the disciples were maiden called that in Antioch. The term piecemeal was adopted to differentiate believing Jews from unbelieving Jews and over time, it became a separate identity altogether. dont boast as if you were better than the branches However, if you do boast, remember that you are not supporting the root (Israels forefathers), the root is supporting you (Church). (Neuhaus, 2001)The exact origins of the Judaic faith are hard to pinpoint, and most of what is known comes from the Torah, the five books that make up the Judaic holy text and are also part of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. Accordi ng to the Book of Genesis, the father of Judaism was a man called Abraham, who lived between approximately 2000 and 1500 BCE (Christianity and Islam also claim Abraham as an important spiritual figure). Abraham was born in Mesopotamia and later existing in Egypt, was the first man according to Jewish religious texts, to promise to worship one god, Yahweh.Abraham spread this faith among his followers, and led them to settle in the consume of Canaan. Abrahams grand intelligence, Jacob, was renamed Israel by Yahweh, and he fathered twelve sons, who led what would come to be known as the twelve tribes of Israel. These Israelites, according to Judaisms religious teachings, were taken as slaves into Egypt, and led out of slavery by Moses. Moses was a Jewish Egyptian, who according to Jewish texts spoke directly to Yahweh. The freed Jewish slaves were recorded to have wandered for forty years in the desert of the Arabian Peninsula before settling back in the land of Canaan some time ar ound 1200 BCE.One of the groups displaced by the establishment of Jewish kingdoms was a group called the Philistines. The Philistines called their lands by the name Palestine, a name for the lands once claimed by the Jews. The term Palestine came from the roman print Empire, which renamed the area as a punishment for a Jewish revolt against Roman rule around cxxxv CE. The term Palestine had long been favored by those who did not recognize the Jewish claim to the area. Perhaps as early as the fall of Judah in 586 BCE, Palestine became a term to deny the political claims Jews made in the sphere.From the fall of the early Jewish kingdoms, Jews lived as a minority population in Palestine and the Middle East at large. Depending on who exerted control over the region, and how stern they were about expressing that control, Jews experienced varying levels of freedom and persecution. Under the Persians, Jews were allowed to return to the region and to arrange their religion freely, and w ere accorded a great deal of respect. During this time, Jews built a Second Temple on the site of the First, which had been destroyed by Babylonians. Under the Romans, however, they fared poorly.They were allowed to practice their religion, but were asked to declare their political allegiance to the Roman Empire. When Jews revolted against Roman rule in 66 CE, Roman troops ransacked the city of Jerusalem and destroyed the Jewish Second Temple. Conditions for Jews became even worse after the Jewish revolt of 135 CE, when Roman troops killed or enslaved thousands of Jews and destroyed numerous Jewish villages. Jews were command to enter the holy city of Jerusalem, and thereafter the Jewish population was centered in the region called Galilee. The conditions experienced by these early Jews had a deep tinct on their worldview.Jews expressed the feeling that only under Jewish rule would their rights, including access to their religious sites, be protected. This brought them into much conflict with other people living in the region. The Jews worship of a single god made theirs a minority religious viewpoint in the region during much of the rule of the Roman Empire, but the spread of Christianity, the religion created by the followers of deliveryman Christ (c. 4 BCEc. 29 CE), soon changed the religious balance. Jesus was a man of the Jewish faith who offered new interpretations of the role of God and the need for individuals to devote themselves to God.His teachings challenged some of the Jewish beliefs and often caused civil unrest that challenged Roman rule. Around 29 CE, Jesus was arrested by Jewish religious leaders who suggested that his teachings were disrespectful to God and were causing civil disobedience among his followers. Jesus was brought before a Roman governor in Palestine named Pontius Pilate who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus, a form of execution in which a person is nailed on a cross and left to die. According to Christian religious teaching, Jesus later rose from the dead and ascended to heaven, taking his place as the son of God.Most of the accounts of Jesus life and teachings are found in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Their exact historical accuracy has long been a source of disagreement. Whether or not the man Jesus actually existed in the way the Bible states, his followers believed that he was the son of God, sent to give a message to all mankind. They created a religion based on his teachings. though it was based on the Jewish faith and claimed one god, Christianity stressed the role of personal salvation acquired through the acceptance of Jesus Christ as the son of God.It was, like Judaism, a monotheistic religion. Unlike Judaism, however, Christianity was an evangelical faith, which meant that its followers dedicated themselves to converting others to their faith. Over time, Christianity gained many followers who embraced the religions single god. Sometime around 312 CE the emperor butterfly Constan tine, who ruled over what was then known as the Eastern Roman Empire (which controlled over half of the Middle East), embraced Christianity. Constantine proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the empire, which later became known as the Byzantine Empire.The rise of Christianity dramatically changed the role of Palestine. Like Jews, Christians revered the holy places in Palestine, and especially in the city of Jerusalem. Christians also made holy places out of sites associated with the life and death of Jesus. But sharing holy sites did not necessarily mean that Jews and Christians got along. According to Charles Smith, editor of Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Christians considered Jews to be rivals in Palestine, as well as a people who rejected Jesus as the savior sent by God.As a result, the Byzantines use existing Roman laws limiting Jewish activities more rigorously and created new ordinances aimed at isolating the Jews. Though a monotheistic religion was n ow the preponderating view, religion continued to be a source of conflict in the region. Christianity has one of the largest and most rapidly growing religious followings in Asia. The end of the gelid War and the Asian economic liberalization has encouraged both the flourishing of Christian evangelism and the rising prominence of Christianity in the public sector.There is a comforting shift in the balance of Christian populations from the North to the South. A few decades ago 70 percent of all evangelicals were in the North, primarily in the united States, today 70 percent are in the churches of the global South. The Catholic Church, which is projected to lose 20 million members in Europe in the first quarter of this century, will gain 100 million members in Africa, 50 million in Asia, and 140 million in Latin America. At the first-class honours degree of the 20th century, 81 percent of Christians were white. By the centurys end, that number was 45 percent.

Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars Essay Example for Free

Hybrid galvanising Cars, Combustion locomotive engine nonplusn railroad cable cable cars EssayAbstractPaper stresses the negative influence of cars on the environment. Hybrid cars technology can lessen the go off spending and green house gases production. Different types of electrical car automobile hybrid berthtrains are described Special attention is paid to electric ply rending. parity of fuel consumption and carbon dioxide production of superstar hybrid car and one classic car on European driving cycle is published. 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1990 Index Terms Electric hybrid vehicles, European driving cycle, Environment interference, Fuel consumption, CO2 production. Giga tons Milliards of Earth Inhabitants 108 6 4 2 2030 2040 2050 2060 integral humanity production of CO2 12 2020 2030 The Kyoto protocol summarizes the production of greenhouse gases. The sum is caused not only by cars but in general by men activities on whole Earth. The result from all resources is shown in Fig. 3 which shows the world production of CO2. The Kyoto communications protocol tries to envision if the present and future trends may be sustainable and comes to conclusion that it is a duty of men to accept regulation of this dangerous development. Estimated gravels of Planet Earth tribe 2010 2020 Fig. 2. Estimated vehicle number on the EarthExpansion of automobile traffic brought new problems like serious environmental problems with gas emanation and fuel consumption. hothouse gas emission of car combustion engines brought ecological problems namely in big cities. The expected grow of Earth inhabitants will grow as shows Fig. 1. In this paper is SI Unit System used. Milliard mover giga (G), 109. 2000 2010 Years I. INTRODUCTION 0 1990 2000 2040 2050 2060 Years Fig. 1. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population But the expected grow of automobiles will grow overmuch rapidly.The growth will be caused principal(prenominal)ly with inevitable living hackneyed improvi ng in many countries like Africa, southwesterly Asia and South America together with enlarging of population in these regions. The estimated grows of automobiles over whole Earth is shown in Fig. 2. From comparison of both figures results that the population may grow amidst years 2000 to 2050 from 6 to 10 milliards that means 1. 7 times, but the expected vehicle number will grow from 0. 7 to 2. 5 milliards that is 3. 6 times. This body of work was supported by Research Center of Combustion Engines and Automobile Technology. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 Rada1 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 years Fig. 3.Total world production of CO2 These problems are so serious that they became very important theme of international discussions. Results of these discussions were settled in the Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Automobiles produce approximately a half of the total world production of CO2. Let us im agine that a good new car produces approximately 160 g of CO2 pro each km. in that location are many possibilities how to diminish this terrible amount. Electric hybrid cars are produced in enlarging numbers and they reach enlarging popularity surrounded by customers.They bring a new hatch appearance how to diminish the world CO2 production. II. ELECTRIC HYBRID CAR SYSTEMS Hybrid electric vehicles combine electric and internal combustion engine drive. Hybrid electric vehicles combine the zero pollution benefits of electric force backs with the tall fuel energy density benefits of the thermal engine. Hybrid electric drives adjust the combustion engine subvert and revolutions into the point of best motor efficiency and lowest motor emissions. 1, 4, 6, 7. A. Basic movement Configurations Series hybrid drive in Fig. 4 presents a combining of different energy sources.In the picture the energy sources are the combustion engine and the battery. The internal combustion engine nut pr opels a generator. Total power in form of the generator electric power and the battery electric power are summed in the handgrip motor. There is no mechanical link between trash and wheels. internal combustion engine generator ICE incline box GB battery clutches motor TM flutter ICE Fig. 5 Parallel hybrid drive G battery Combined switched hybrid drive in Fig. 6 is based on serial publication hybrid drive with mechanical coupling using a clutch between generator and travelling bag motor.It is series hybrid drive when the clutch is off. flicker clench motor internal combustion engine ICE TM generator G battery BAT coupling Fig. 4. Series hybrid drive Battery acts as energy buffer. Advantage of series hybrid drive is the possibility to operate the thermal engine ICE in optimal revolutions sooner free from the car upper. That results in low specific fuel consumption and in low gas emission for any traction load and car hurrying. Efficiency of energy conversions in the system must be taken in account. Parallel hybrid drive in Fig. 5 is a crew of ICE and electric traction motor on the same guessing. Traction motor is supplied by battery and its fruit is separated from the ICE output.Final traction torque is sum of both motors torque. Power transmission is more effective than in series hybrid drive because the mechanical ICE output is not transformed in electrical output. But the ICE cannot work in optimal load regime because its renovate is not free from the car velocity. traction motor internal combustion engine TM Fig. 6. Combined switched hybrid drive The generator supplies the electric energy to the traction motor. When the car speed and ICE speed and power are high but the difference between ICE speed and car speed is small, it is better to operate the scheme as parallel hybrid drive and the clutch is on in such a case.On this regime the ICE power and speed are high and the ICE can operate with small output changes. The difference between desired traction output and ICE optimal output is stored in or discharged from the accumulator. The drive is depicted in Fig. 9. It consists with gasoline engine, double rotor DC generator, and traction motor. traction motor Combined hybrid with planetary gear in Fig. 7 is a topology where mechanical power splitting is used. The splitting is performed in the planetary gear.In this scheme the generator rotates with speed, which is difference between the ICE and car speed. This solution allows splitting the ICE output into two parts. rotating stator control unit generator generator gasoline engine traction motor ICE planet gear Fig. 7. Combined hybrid with planetary grar The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the morsel is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The scrap part is transferred by the output planet shaft directly to car wheels.This schem e allows controlling the engine speed and torque and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Electric power splitting drive using DC machines was used on Czechoslovak express motor cars in the year 1936. The patent inscription was emitted in Czechoslovakia with Nr 53 735 on 25. February 1936. 1, 2, 3. DC machines were usual on railway vehicles at that time. The vehicle was called Slovenska Strela and remained in service till the year 1950. It should be reconstructed and modernized later on.But electrification of the main railway connection between Prague-Kosice replaced this very interesting vehicle with express electric locomotives. Fig. 8. Express railway car Slovenska Strela clutch rotor output shaft Fig. 9. Electric power splitting drive of express car Slovenska Strela The ICE drives a DC generator which stator and rotor can rotate separately. The stator is firmly coupled with the ICE shaft. The rotor is coupled with car wheels. On the car shaft is mounted a DC electr ic traction motor supplied by the voltage bring forth in the generator. The splitting is performed in the generator. The relative speed between generator stator and rotor is difference between the ICE and car speeds.This solution allows split the ICE output into two parts. The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred directly by means of electromagnetic torque in the generator air gap to the car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the ICE speed independently from the car speed and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines was implemented in the laboratory of JosefBozek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The physical model of the drive is seen in Fig. 10. It is experimental electric hybrid car drive of a small power. 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15. The output is 7. 5 kW, 0 6000 min-1.. Electronic converters and supercapacitor EC are integrated in the circuit between electric power divider SPGM and traction motor TM. The super capacitor as a peak energy storage has 100F, 56V and 400 A. It is able to accept the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the bay window 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and regenerate it during next speeding up. Principle of the system is depicted in Fig. 10.The combustion engine COM ENG drives the electric power divider SGPM. The power divider is a special double rotor synchronous permanent magnet generator. The first rotor is firmly connected with the combustion engine shaft. The second rotor is firmly connected with the traction motor TM and with car wheels. The traction motor is supplied with electric power induced by differential velocity between first and second rotors. Parameters of this elec tric power (voltage, current and frequency) are changed in electronic converter in EC.Power of the combustion engine is shared out into two parts. used for evaluation and comparison of cars performance, pollution production, efficiencies etc. Simulations were performed on New European Driving troll NEDC. The NEDC is shown in Fig. 11. Total distance 10,9km Speed (km/hour) EC ELM CLUTCH COM ENG TM SGPM base Fig. 10. Physical model of Electric Splitting Drive Using AC Machines The immersion power P1=T1* ? 1 is the power of combustion engine producing torque T1 at angulate velocity ? 1. Torque T1 is transferred with electromagnetic force to the second rotor, rotating at angular velocity ? 2 which is the same as car velocity. Power transmitted to car wheels by this torque is therefore Pm=T1*?2. Remaining power is induced by magnetic field into the electric winding arranged on the second rotor. Neglecting losses this power is Pel=P1-Pm=T1*(? 1-? 2). Power Pel is transferred via electron ic converter in EC to the traction motor TM and finally added to power Pm on car wheels. Incoming power P1 from combustion engine is by this technique divided into two parts Pm and Pel. Combustion engine can rotate with angular velocity which does not depend from the car velocity III. SIMULATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS Main advantage of electric hybrid cars is the diminishing of fuel consumption.The production of CO2 depends on the fuel consumption and on the working conditions of the ICE. The working conditions of the ICE are much better in electric hybrid cars than in pompous cars generally. Simulations were done with the numeric model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory 11, 13, 14 were used for the simulation. The mathematical model of a conventional car and hybrid electric car with electric power divider was established in 15 16Comparisons of this art are usualy done on different s tandard driving cycles. Standard driving cycle represents a driving pattern of a certain geographic region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). These driving cycles are Time (s) Fig. 11 New European Driving Cycle Parameters of compared cars and results of simulation are shown in Tab. 1 TABLE I SIMULATION RESULTS Vehicle type, manufacturer Driving Cycle Total mass (kg) Specific Consumption during total NEDC (l/100km) Total emissions CO2 (g) Specific emissions (g/km) First case Second case NEDC Skoda 1. 2HTP NEDC 1450 1120 5. 1 5. 9 13331540 122. 9 142 Model Fabia Two cases are shown. In both of them the New European Driving Cycle was simulated. Case first Hybrid electric car with electric power divider. The mass of the car respects the additional mass of electric part of the powertrain. Case second Conventional car Skoda Fabia 1. 2 HTP. The results shown in Tab. 1 allow to make following conclusions When comparing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions between hybrid car with electric power divider versus conventional car of the same class (that means the same primary ICE engine power and respecting additional mass of the electric powertrain machines), we can conclude that the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are significantly lower at the hybrid car.Hybridization of such cars brings not only fuel savings but also is much more environmentally friendly. I. CONCLUSION The production of dangerous greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of world energy resources become a serious problem. Especially CO2 emissions can influence the climate stability of Planet Earth. The automobile business contributes to this development a lot. But the automobile technology has space to be improved. The electric and hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to diminishing of fuel consumption and green gases production.The hybrid electric vehicles makes it possible to operate the combustion engine in more suitable regimes with better fuel combustion conditions. Some hybrid systems even enable to operate the combustion engine in best proportion between power and revolutions. Systems with power dividers allow the engine to operate in revolutions that are quite independent from the car velocity. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory were used for the simulation.Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. Results of one commercial car and one hybrid electric car with electric power divider are published. Fuel consumption of the hybrid car on the new European Driving Cycle was 5,1 l/km. The commercial car consumed 5,9 l/km. The hybrid car consumption is 13. 6% lower then at commercial car. Similar numbers were obtained with respect to CO2 production. The hybrid car produced 1333 g CO2 on the New European Driving Cycle. Commercial car produced 1540 g CO2. Hybrid car with electric power divider produced 13.5% less CO2 . REFEREN CES 1 V. Klima Electro-mechanic drive DELKA and its comparison with Dieselelectric drive. (Elektro mechanicky pohon DELKA a jeho srovnani s normalnim Diesel-elektrickym pohonem. ) Elektrotechnicky obzor 1949, Nr. 19, Pg. 489-496 2 J. Sousedik Patent document Czechoslovakia Nr 53 735 from 25. February 1936. 3 J. Bilek Electric drive of motor cars Slovenska strela (Elektricka vyzbroj motorovych vozu Slovenska strela). Elektrotechnicky obzor 1937, Nr16, Pg249-253, Nr. 21 Pg. 331-336. 4 J.Mierlo Simulation software for comparison and design of electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion vehicles with respect to energy, emission and performances. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. 5 Z. Cerovsky, P. Mindl, S. Fligl, Z. Halamka and P. Hanus Power Electronics in Automotive Hybrid Drives, 10th International Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC Cavtat- Dubrovnik Croatia, September 2002, ISBN 953-184-047-4 6 T. Denton Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, SAE Internatio nal ISBN 0 340 73195 8. 7 Michael H. Wesbrook The Electric and Hybrid Electric Car, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001, London 9 Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. Matrix Converter in Hybrid Drives.Proceedings of 8th International Conference Problems of contemporary Electrotechnics PPE 2004, vol. 3, pp. 77-80, Ukraine, Kyiv, June 7-10, 2004, ISSN 0204-3599. 10 Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. Matrix Converter Control System. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium PIERS 2005 Proceedings, pp. 395-398, China, Hangzhou, August 22-26, 2005, ISBN 1-933077-07-7. 11 Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. Super-capacitor in hybrid drive. International Symposium on Electric Machinery in Prague ISEM 2003 , str. 110-111, ISBN 80-01- 02828-3 12 Zdenek,J. Vibrationless Drive Controller Software Design. Proc. of XI. int.symp. ISEM2003. Sept. 2003. Prague, pp. 158-165. 13 Cerovsky,Z. Mindl,P. Hybrid Drive with Supercapacitor Energy Storage, FISITA Conference Barcelona. F193m 2004. 14 Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. Effi ciency of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain using Electric Power-Splitting Synchronous author with Permanent Magnets. IPEC-Niigata 2005 15 Mildorf M. Mathematical model of a drive and fuel consumption of hybrid vehicle. Diploma thesis. 2007, Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Faculty of El. Eng. 16 Simkova L. Mathematical model of hybrid car. bachelor-at-arms thesis 2004. Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Phaculty of El. Eng.

Liberty of Thought and Discussion Essay Example for Free

Liberty of Thought and countersign EssayJohn Stuart poor boy John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), British philosopher, economist, great liberal (or libertarian), moral and political theorist, and administrator, was the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century. His views ar of continuing signifi skunkce, and are gener aloney recognized to be among the deepest and certainly the most effective defenses of empiricism and of a liberal political view of society and culture.The overall aim of his philosophy is to violate a positive view of the universe and the place of humans in it, one which contributes to the progress of human knowledge, individual license and human well- macrocosm. His views are not entirely original, having their roots in the British empiricism of John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, and in the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham. But he gave them a new depth, and his formulations were sufficiently articulate to gain for them a c ontinuing influence among a broad public.Mills most famous work in social and political philosophy, and still one of the most influential works on human sort outs and remedydom, is his book-length essay entitled On Liberty, which we will now summarize, using Mills protest section headings. Introduction of the essay The primary(prenominal) point of this essay is to argue that the only justification for society limiting the liberty of an individual, whether by the government or the force of public effect, is to prevent handicap to otherwises. If the purpose instead is his own good, or some other goal, then only persuasion and non-coercive means fag end be justified.Mill believed that an individual had both aspects to his life 1) The individual had two aspects which concerned him alone 2) The social beca intake every individual was also an integral part of society. The actions of the individual may similarly be divided into two categories 1)self-regarding and2)other regarding with regard to actions in which he alone is concerned, his liberty of action is complete and should not be regulated by the state and society, his actions earth-closet justifiably be regulated by the state or society..The essay also reflects Mills passionate belief that individuality is something that should be protected and nurtured. As such, the essay illustrates his disgust at how he believed society squelches nonconformity. On Liberty is just one example of the social and political writings of Mill other works of his include, Considerations on Representative Government Major Themes The Struggle between Liberty and Authority Individuals have often felt as though their sets were being infringed upon by an overzealous government and have fought for the ability to have their government act they wish.Individual liberties have been trampled on by various governments and this fear of power has resulted in democracies, where the majority of the people get to decide what actions are b est for the state. Tyranny of the Majority With democracies, it is supposed that the will of the people is the impetus for the governments actions and that people are participating in a type of self-governing state. However, says Mill, this is not true, democracies enable a tyranny of the majority where public conviction stomps out the voices of the minority groups and pays their unavoidably and opinions no mind.Mill thinks that this tyranny is the gravest sort, and seeks to find the maximum amount that society can impose itself on an individual while still maintaining personal liberty. Self-Regarding Actions and familiarity A person whose actions only affect himself is not eligible to be coerced or punished for his deeds. According to Mill, it is not societys duty or even its right to protect a person from him or her. The only punishment that can result from a self-regarding action is the weight of individual public opinion and the last(a) result of the actual action itself.Th e Veracity of Public Opinion There is no guarantee, and even a strong possibility that what the majority deems to be best and so is not. The majoritys opinion is tainted with motives and biases that shouldnt come into play when deciding what is best for society as a whole. An analysis of past events, wars, and discriminations can tell us that sometimes the majoritys opinion is not rooted in good faith. Allowing the minoritys opinion to be involved in debates and decisions can only be a good thing, no matter what the opinion is. Religion and LibertySupporters of religion tend to view those who are less religious as less liable in their ideas for society. Mill refutes this theory and says that religious affiliation should play no role in the ability of a person to solve an informed opinion intimately what is best for all society the truth of matters. Mill points to nonreligious men with impeccable morals as proof that religious affiliation does not suggest trustworthiness. Coerc ion Mill is against societal or individual coercion in all cases, except when a persons actions are harming others.He thinks it a clear revilement of liberty when coercion is apply to persuade a person to stop an action that only affects himself. When a person is injuring other members of society, however, Mill thinks it fine that he be coerced to stop his actions and punished in a court of law if applicable. Mill also believes that the public has the duty to warn each other about a dangerous person and coerce one another to stay avoid him/her. Societys Obligation Society has an obligation to throw its influence towards those who are uneffective to process information and exercise their own liberty in a rational mode.Examples of these individuals are children and undeveloped minds. Society has an obligation to children to try their best to make them rational, reasonable adults who want to follow their passions and be dynamic personalities. Part of this obligation, one that is sh ared by parents, is providing a strong education Mill suggests that there be universal educational standards for all children so none fall behind. Danger in the Government Mill is very fearful of the power of the government and all his theories are molded not to give the government any more power of persuasion or procedure.Mill thinks that governments should not be allowed to make the final decisions regarding its constituency, that rather local officials should be appointed and with the central government advice, but most importantly with the input of all citizens, make the decisions. The Liberty of Thought and Discussion If people are oppressed for holding or expressing an unpopular opinion, there are three possibilities. In all three cases, the coercion is unjustified. One, the suppressed opinion might be true. Thats the most obvious case where suppressing it is unjustified. Two, the suppressed opinion might be false.Even here, though, there are advantages to letting it be ether eal as long and as fully as anyone wishes to air it. Even when the prevailing opinion it counters is true, it should never fear the challenge of a devils advocate. Such a challenge can only be healthy for it. Three, most likely of all, the suppressed opinion is neither wholly true nor wholly false. Only by airing all sidesboth the prevailing opinion and any views challenging it Of Individuality, As One of the Elements of Well-Being To hold an opinion never constitutes a harm to others, and so should never be suppressed.To express an opinion almost never constitutes a harm to others, and so should only be suppressed in rare, extreme circumstances. conduct is clearly different and can often constitute harm to others, thus it is not entitled to the very(prenominal) near-absolute liberty. However, even with manner there should be a strong presumption in favor of liberty. Any alleged harm to others has to be clear and provable. When theres doubt, the behavior should not be suppressed. Many of the reasons for this parallel the reasons for freedom of expression.Just as expression might be true, false, or partly true and partly false, so might ones actions be right, wrong, or partly right and partly wrong. When theyre right they should be allowed, and when theyre wrong or partly right and partly wrong, its often best to allow them to stand as a challenge to the prevailing approved behavior, so people can best judge all the possible behaviors. There will be no positive replace for society as a whole if people are not allowed to experiment with behavior that is contrary to custom and the opinion of the majority.Every progressive, positive revision in register that has added to human happiness was at one time contrary to custom. To develop ones individuality, ones capacity for autonomously choosing ones own path in life, fosters happiness in and of itself, aside from the consequences of the specific behavior chosen thereby. Even if superficially it is the case that other choices coercively imposed would have been better, this benefit of being an autonomous person is lost. Unfortunately, in the modern era people seem all overly blind to the value of liberty and individuality.Little is shunned or looked down upon more than eccentricity or playacting contrary to custom. Of the Limits to the Authority of Society Over the Individual Every member of a society is obligated to refrain from harming others, and to provide his share of the labor and sacrifices necessary to safeguard and maintain that society. Society has the right to compel people to fulfill such obligations. If the harm rises to the level of violating the rights of others, then the law may be used against such stabbing behavior.If the harm is of a lower level, then only the force of public opinion may be used against such harmful behavior. If the behavior is not harmful to others, then no coerciongovernmental or otherwisemay be used against it, and people may only seek to influence it by persuasion. It can be argued that harm to self can then harm others and so should be included in what can be suppressed, but this harm to others is too in forecast and speculative. Plus, the individual is generally in the best position to know what constitutes harm to self, and so is the one who should make the decisions.Applications Not even all instances where behavior in some sense harms others should be suppressed. Sometimes people will be disadvantaged or have their liberty limited by the way other people exercise their liberty (e. g. , one person is prevented from getting a certain job because the employer hired someone else), but this is unavoidable and is unremarkably not proper to categorize as a coercive infringement on liberty. Should people be free to obtain and possess weapons and such that are used to harm others?Mostly yes, because the potential to harm is not to be treated as the equivalent of harm. In some cases, an acceptable middle backcloth should be sou ght, for instance allowing people to own such things, but keeping strict records of their name and address, what they purchased, their stated reason for purchasing it, etc. There can be rare cases of justified paternalism where a person is coerced to prevent harm to self. An example would be physically blocking a person from bungleing a bridge until it can be explained to him that it is unsafe.Because here youre not really thwarting the persons will, which is to get to the other side of the bridge, not to plunge to his death trying to cross it. There can be rare cases where a persons track record justifies intervention before the actual harm to others. If a person has an established history of violence when drunk, it may be justified to forcibly prevent him from getting drunk. There can be instances of offense that are so severe as to rise to the level of harm, and thus justify disallowing certain behaviors in public, where it would not be justified to prohibit those behaviors behi nd closed doors.Generally if it is wrong to use full coercion against a behavior, then it would be wrong to use partial coercion. For instance, if it would be wrong to make a certain thing mislabeled because its not directly harming others, it would also be wrong to tax it so heavily as to discourage it without banning it outright. Should a person be free to limit his own future self by entering into binding contracts? This will depend on the specifics. To not allow and enforce contracts would itself be a limitation on liberty, as would enforcing all contracts (e. . , slavery contracts).The law should seek a middle ground that maximizes freedom by enforcing contracts, but only with numerous safeguards, limitations, and exclusions. One area where some people are allowed far too much freedom in ways that harm others is in the family. Men are wrongly regarded as having sole authority in their home to deal with their wives and children as they see fit. The law should step in, even coer cively where necessary, to ensure that women have the same rights, the same liberties as men.A question that is only indirectly related to the primary concerns of this essay is the proper size and role of government, beyond the matter of its placing direct limitations on the liberty of the individual. As a rule of thumb, smaller government is better, because individuals are in a better position to make decisions about their own lives and resources than is local government, and local government is in a better position than the national government.