Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars Essay Example for Free

Hybrid galvanising Cars, Combustion locomotive engine nonplusn railroad cable cable cars EssayAbstractPaper stresses the negative influence of cars on the environment. Hybrid cars technology can lessen the go off spending and green house gases production. Different types of electrical car automobile hybrid berthtrains are described Special attention is paid to electric ply rending. parity of fuel consumption and carbon dioxide production of superstar hybrid car and one classic car on European driving cycle is published. 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1990 Index Terms Electric hybrid vehicles, European driving cycle, Environment interference, Fuel consumption, CO2 production. Giga tons Milliards of Earth Inhabitants 108 6 4 2 2030 2040 2050 2060 integral humanity production of CO2 12 2020 2030 The Kyoto protocol summarizes the production of greenhouse gases. The sum is caused not only by cars but in general by men activities on whole Earth. The result from all resources is shown in Fig. 3 which shows the world production of CO2. The Kyoto communications protocol tries to envision if the present and future trends may be sustainable and comes to conclusion that it is a duty of men to accept regulation of this dangerous development. Estimated gravels of Planet Earth tribe 2010 2020 Fig. 2. Estimated vehicle number on the EarthExpansion of automobile traffic brought new problems like serious environmental problems with gas emanation and fuel consumption. hothouse gas emission of car combustion engines brought ecological problems namely in big cities. The expected grow of Earth inhabitants will grow as shows Fig. 1. In this paper is SI Unit System used. Milliard mover giga (G), 109. 2000 2010 Years I. INTRODUCTION 0 1990 2000 2040 2050 2060 Years Fig. 1. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population But the expected grow of automobiles will grow overmuch rapidly.The growth will be caused principal(prenominal)ly with inevitable living hackneyed improvi ng in many countries like Africa, southwesterly Asia and South America together with enlarging of population in these regions. The estimated grows of automobiles over whole Earth is shown in Fig. 2. From comparison of both figures results that the population may grow amidst years 2000 to 2050 from 6 to 10 milliards that means 1. 7 times, but the expected vehicle number will grow from 0. 7 to 2. 5 milliards that is 3. 6 times. This body of work was supported by Research Center of Combustion Engines and Automobile Technology. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 Rada1 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 years Fig. 3.Total world production of CO2 These problems are so serious that they became very important theme of international discussions. Results of these discussions were settled in the Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Automobiles produce approximately a half of the total world production of CO2. Let us im agine that a good new car produces approximately 160 g of CO2 pro each km. in that location are many possibilities how to diminish this terrible amount. Electric hybrid cars are produced in enlarging numbers and they reach enlarging popularity surrounded by customers.They bring a new hatch appearance how to diminish the world CO2 production. II. ELECTRIC HYBRID CAR SYSTEMS Hybrid electric vehicles combine electric and internal combustion engine drive. Hybrid electric vehicles combine the zero pollution benefits of electric force backs with the tall fuel energy density benefits of the thermal engine. Hybrid electric drives adjust the combustion engine subvert and revolutions into the point of best motor efficiency and lowest motor emissions. 1, 4, 6, 7. A. Basic movement Configurations Series hybrid drive in Fig. 4 presents a combining of different energy sources.In the picture the energy sources are the combustion engine and the battery. The internal combustion engine nut pr opels a generator. Total power in form of the generator electric power and the battery electric power are summed in the handgrip motor. There is no mechanical link between trash and wheels. internal combustion engine generator ICE incline box GB battery clutches motor TM flutter ICE Fig. 5 Parallel hybrid drive G battery Combined switched hybrid drive in Fig. 6 is based on serial publication hybrid drive with mechanical coupling using a clutch between generator and travelling bag motor.It is series hybrid drive when the clutch is off. flicker clench motor internal combustion engine ICE TM generator G battery BAT coupling Fig. 4. Series hybrid drive Battery acts as energy buffer. Advantage of series hybrid drive is the possibility to operate the thermal engine ICE in optimal revolutions sooner free from the car upper. That results in low specific fuel consumption and in low gas emission for any traction load and car hurrying. Efficiency of energy conversions in the system must be taken in account. Parallel hybrid drive in Fig. 5 is a crew of ICE and electric traction motor on the same guessing. Traction motor is supplied by battery and its fruit is separated from the ICE output.Final traction torque is sum of both motors torque. Power transmission is more effective than in series hybrid drive because the mechanical ICE output is not transformed in electrical output. But the ICE cannot work in optimal load regime because its renovate is not free from the car velocity. traction motor internal combustion engine TM Fig. 6. Combined switched hybrid drive The generator supplies the electric energy to the traction motor. When the car speed and ICE speed and power are high but the difference between ICE speed and car speed is small, it is better to operate the scheme as parallel hybrid drive and the clutch is on in such a case.On this regime the ICE power and speed are high and the ICE can operate with small output changes. The difference between desired traction output and ICE optimal output is stored in or discharged from the accumulator. The drive is depicted in Fig. 9. It consists with gasoline engine, double rotor DC generator, and traction motor. traction motor Combined hybrid with planetary gear in Fig. 7 is a topology where mechanical power splitting is used. The splitting is performed in the planetary gear.In this scheme the generator rotates with speed, which is difference between the ICE and car speed. This solution allows splitting the ICE output into two parts. rotating stator control unit generator generator gasoline engine traction motor ICE planet gear Fig. 7. Combined hybrid with planetary grar The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the morsel is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The scrap part is transferred by the output planet shaft directly to car wheels.This schem e allows controlling the engine speed and torque and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Electric power splitting drive using DC machines was used on Czechoslovak express motor cars in the year 1936. The patent inscription was emitted in Czechoslovakia with Nr 53 735 on 25. February 1936. 1, 2, 3. DC machines were usual on railway vehicles at that time. The vehicle was called Slovenska Strela and remained in service till the year 1950. It should be reconstructed and modernized later on.But electrification of the main railway connection between Prague-Kosice replaced this very interesting vehicle with express electric locomotives. Fig. 8. Express railway car Slovenska Strela clutch rotor output shaft Fig. 9. Electric power splitting drive of express car Slovenska Strela The ICE drives a DC generator which stator and rotor can rotate separately. The stator is firmly coupled with the ICE shaft. The rotor is coupled with car wheels. On the car shaft is mounted a DC electr ic traction motor supplied by the voltage bring forth in the generator. The splitting is performed in the generator. The relative speed between generator stator and rotor is difference between the ICE and car speeds.This solution allows split the ICE output into two parts. The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred directly by means of electromagnetic torque in the generator air gap to the car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the ICE speed independently from the car speed and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines was implemented in the laboratory of JosefBozek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The physical model of the drive is seen in Fig. 10. It is experimental electric hybrid car drive of a small power. 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15. The output is 7. 5 kW, 0 6000 min-1.. Electronic converters and supercapacitor EC are integrated in the circuit between electric power divider SPGM and traction motor TM. The super capacitor as a peak energy storage has 100F, 56V and 400 A. It is able to accept the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the bay window 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and regenerate it during next speeding up. Principle of the system is depicted in Fig. 10.The combustion engine COM ENG drives the electric power divider SGPM. The power divider is a special double rotor synchronous permanent magnet generator. The first rotor is firmly connected with the combustion engine shaft. The second rotor is firmly connected with the traction motor TM and with car wheels. The traction motor is supplied with electric power induced by differential velocity between first and second rotors. Parameters of this elec tric power (voltage, current and frequency) are changed in electronic converter in EC.Power of the combustion engine is shared out into two parts. used for evaluation and comparison of cars performance, pollution production, efficiencies etc. Simulations were performed on New European Driving troll NEDC. The NEDC is shown in Fig. 11. Total distance 10,9km Speed (km/hour) EC ELM CLUTCH COM ENG TM SGPM base Fig. 10. Physical model of Electric Splitting Drive Using AC Machines The immersion power P1=T1* ? 1 is the power of combustion engine producing torque T1 at angulate velocity ? 1. Torque T1 is transferred with electromagnetic force to the second rotor, rotating at angular velocity ? 2 which is the same as car velocity. Power transmitted to car wheels by this torque is therefore Pm=T1*?2. Remaining power is induced by magnetic field into the electric winding arranged on the second rotor. Neglecting losses this power is Pel=P1-Pm=T1*(? 1-? 2). Power Pel is transferred via electron ic converter in EC to the traction motor TM and finally added to power Pm on car wheels. Incoming power P1 from combustion engine is by this technique divided into two parts Pm and Pel. Combustion engine can rotate with angular velocity which does not depend from the car velocity III. SIMULATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS Main advantage of electric hybrid cars is the diminishing of fuel consumption.The production of CO2 depends on the fuel consumption and on the working conditions of the ICE. The working conditions of the ICE are much better in electric hybrid cars than in pompous cars generally. Simulations were done with the numeric model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory 11, 13, 14 were used for the simulation. The mathematical model of a conventional car and hybrid electric car with electric power divider was established in 15 16Comparisons of this art are usualy done on different s tandard driving cycles. Standard driving cycle represents a driving pattern of a certain geographic region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). These driving cycles are Time (s) Fig. 11 New European Driving Cycle Parameters of compared cars and results of simulation are shown in Tab. 1 TABLE I SIMULATION RESULTS Vehicle type, manufacturer Driving Cycle Total mass (kg) Specific Consumption during total NEDC (l/100km) Total emissions CO2 (g) Specific emissions (g/km) First case Second case NEDC Skoda 1. 2HTP NEDC 1450 1120 5. 1 5. 9 13331540 122. 9 142 Model Fabia Two cases are shown. In both of them the New European Driving Cycle was simulated. Case first Hybrid electric car with electric power divider. The mass of the car respects the additional mass of electric part of the powertrain. Case second Conventional car Skoda Fabia 1. 2 HTP. The results shown in Tab. 1 allow to make following conclusions When comparing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions between hybrid car with electric power divider versus conventional car of the same class (that means the same primary ICE engine power and respecting additional mass of the electric powertrain machines), we can conclude that the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are significantly lower at the hybrid car.Hybridization of such cars brings not only fuel savings but also is much more environmentally friendly. I. CONCLUSION The production of dangerous greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of world energy resources become a serious problem. Especially CO2 emissions can influence the climate stability of Planet Earth. The automobile business contributes to this development a lot. But the automobile technology has space to be improved. The electric and hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to diminishing of fuel consumption and green gases production.The hybrid electric vehicles makes it possible to operate the combustion engine in more suitable regimes with better fuel combustion conditions. Some hybrid systems even enable to operate the combustion engine in best proportion between power and revolutions. Systems with power dividers allow the engine to operate in revolutions that are quite independent from the car velocity. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory were used for the simulation.Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. Results of one commercial car and one hybrid electric car with electric power divider are published. Fuel consumption of the hybrid car on the new European Driving Cycle was 5,1 l/km. The commercial car consumed 5,9 l/km. The hybrid car consumption is 13. 6% lower then at commercial car. Similar numbers were obtained with respect to CO2 production. The hybrid car produced 1333 g CO2 on the New European Driving Cycle. Commercial car produced 1540 g CO2. Hybrid car with electric power divider produced 13.5% less CO2 . REFEREN CES 1 V. Klima Electro-mechanic drive DELKA and its comparison with Dieselelectric drive. (Elektro mechanicky pohon DELKA a jeho srovnani s normalnim Diesel-elektrickym pohonem. ) Elektrotechnicky obzor 1949, Nr. 19, Pg. 489-496 2 J. Sousedik Patent document Czechoslovakia Nr 53 735 from 25. February 1936. 3 J. Bilek Electric drive of motor cars Slovenska strela (Elektricka vyzbroj motorovych vozu Slovenska strela). Elektrotechnicky obzor 1937, Nr16, Pg249-253, Nr. 21 Pg. 331-336. 4 J.Mierlo Simulation software for comparison and design of electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion vehicles with respect to energy, emission and performances. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. 5 Z. Cerovsky, P. Mindl, S. Fligl, Z. Halamka and P. Hanus Power Electronics in Automotive Hybrid Drives, 10th International Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC Cavtat- Dubrovnik Croatia, September 2002, ISBN 953-184-047-4 6 T. Denton Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, SAE Internatio nal ISBN 0 340 73195 8. 7 Michael H. Wesbrook The Electric and Hybrid Electric Car, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001, London 9 Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. Matrix Converter in Hybrid Drives.Proceedings of 8th International Conference Problems of contemporary Electrotechnics PPE 2004, vol. 3, pp. 77-80, Ukraine, Kyiv, June 7-10, 2004, ISSN 0204-3599. 10 Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. Matrix Converter Control System. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium PIERS 2005 Proceedings, pp. 395-398, China, Hangzhou, August 22-26, 2005, ISBN 1-933077-07-7. 11 Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. Super-capacitor in hybrid drive. International Symposium on Electric Machinery in Prague ISEM 2003 , str. 110-111, ISBN 80-01- 02828-3 12 Zdenek,J. Vibrationless Drive Controller Software Design. Proc. of XI. int.symp. ISEM2003. Sept. 2003. Prague, pp. 158-165. 13 Cerovsky,Z. Mindl,P. Hybrid Drive with Supercapacitor Energy Storage, FISITA Conference Barcelona. F193m 2004. 14 Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. Effi ciency of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain using Electric Power-Splitting Synchronous author with Permanent Magnets. IPEC-Niigata 2005 15 Mildorf M. Mathematical model of a drive and fuel consumption of hybrid vehicle. Diploma thesis. 2007, Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Faculty of El. Eng. 16 Simkova L. Mathematical model of hybrid car. bachelor-at-arms thesis 2004. Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Phaculty of El. Eng.

Liberty of Thought and Discussion Essay Example for Free

Liberty of Thought and countersign EssayJohn Stuart poor boy John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), British philosopher, economist, great liberal (or libertarian), moral and political theorist, and administrator, was the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century. His views ar of continuing signifi skunkce, and are gener aloney recognized to be among the deepest and certainly the most effective defenses of empiricism and of a liberal political view of society and culture.The overall aim of his philosophy is to violate a positive view of the universe and the place of humans in it, one which contributes to the progress of human knowledge, individual license and human well- macrocosm. His views are not entirely original, having their roots in the British empiricism of John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, and in the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham. But he gave them a new depth, and his formulations were sufficiently articulate to gain for them a c ontinuing influence among a broad public.Mills most famous work in social and political philosophy, and still one of the most influential works on human sort outs and remedydom, is his book-length essay entitled On Liberty, which we will now summarize, using Mills protest section headings. Introduction of the essay The primary(prenominal) point of this essay is to argue that the only justification for society limiting the liberty of an individual, whether by the government or the force of public effect, is to prevent handicap to otherwises. If the purpose instead is his own good, or some other goal, then only persuasion and non-coercive means fag end be justified.Mill believed that an individual had both aspects to his life 1) The individual had two aspects which concerned him alone 2) The social beca intake every individual was also an integral part of society. The actions of the individual may similarly be divided into two categories 1)self-regarding and2)other regarding with regard to actions in which he alone is concerned, his liberty of action is complete and should not be regulated by the state and society, his actions earth-closet justifiably be regulated by the state or society..The essay also reflects Mills passionate belief that individuality is something that should be protected and nurtured. As such, the essay illustrates his disgust at how he believed society squelches nonconformity. On Liberty is just one example of the social and political writings of Mill other works of his include, Considerations on Representative Government Major Themes The Struggle between Liberty and Authority Individuals have often felt as though their sets were being infringed upon by an overzealous government and have fought for the ability to have their government act they wish.Individual liberties have been trampled on by various governments and this fear of power has resulted in democracies, where the majority of the people get to decide what actions are b est for the state. Tyranny of the Majority With democracies, it is supposed that the will of the people is the impetus for the governments actions and that people are participating in a type of self-governing state. However, says Mill, this is not true, democracies enable a tyranny of the majority where public conviction stomps out the voices of the minority groups and pays their unavoidably and opinions no mind.Mill thinks that this tyranny is the gravest sort, and seeks to find the maximum amount that society can impose itself on an individual while still maintaining personal liberty. Self-Regarding Actions and familiarity A person whose actions only affect himself is not eligible to be coerced or punished for his deeds. According to Mill, it is not societys duty or even its right to protect a person from him or her. The only punishment that can result from a self-regarding action is the weight of individual public opinion and the last(a) result of the actual action itself.Th e Veracity of Public Opinion There is no guarantee, and even a strong possibility that what the majority deems to be best and so is not. The majoritys opinion is tainted with motives and biases that shouldnt come into play when deciding what is best for society as a whole. An analysis of past events, wars, and discriminations can tell us that sometimes the majoritys opinion is not rooted in good faith. Allowing the minoritys opinion to be involved in debates and decisions can only be a good thing, no matter what the opinion is. Religion and LibertySupporters of religion tend to view those who are less religious as less liable in their ideas for society. Mill refutes this theory and says that religious affiliation should play no role in the ability of a person to solve an informed opinion intimately what is best for all society the truth of matters. Mill points to nonreligious men with impeccable morals as proof that religious affiliation does not suggest trustworthiness. Coerc ion Mill is against societal or individual coercion in all cases, except when a persons actions are harming others.He thinks it a clear revilement of liberty when coercion is apply to persuade a person to stop an action that only affects himself. When a person is injuring other members of society, however, Mill thinks it fine that he be coerced to stop his actions and punished in a court of law if applicable. Mill also believes that the public has the duty to warn each other about a dangerous person and coerce one another to stay avoid him/her. Societys Obligation Society has an obligation to throw its influence towards those who are uneffective to process information and exercise their own liberty in a rational mode.Examples of these individuals are children and undeveloped minds. Society has an obligation to children to try their best to make them rational, reasonable adults who want to follow their passions and be dynamic personalities. Part of this obligation, one that is sh ared by parents, is providing a strong education Mill suggests that there be universal educational standards for all children so none fall behind. Danger in the Government Mill is very fearful of the power of the government and all his theories are molded not to give the government any more power of persuasion or procedure.Mill thinks that governments should not be allowed to make the final decisions regarding its constituency, that rather local officials should be appointed and with the central government advice, but most importantly with the input of all citizens, make the decisions. The Liberty of Thought and Discussion If people are oppressed for holding or expressing an unpopular opinion, there are three possibilities. In all three cases, the coercion is unjustified. One, the suppressed opinion might be true. Thats the most obvious case where suppressing it is unjustified. Two, the suppressed opinion might be false.Even here, though, there are advantages to letting it be ether eal as long and as fully as anyone wishes to air it. Even when the prevailing opinion it counters is true, it should never fear the challenge of a devils advocate. Such a challenge can only be healthy for it. Three, most likely of all, the suppressed opinion is neither wholly true nor wholly false. Only by airing all sidesboth the prevailing opinion and any views challenging it Of Individuality, As One of the Elements of Well-Being To hold an opinion never constitutes a harm to others, and so should never be suppressed.To express an opinion almost never constitutes a harm to others, and so should only be suppressed in rare, extreme circumstances. conduct is clearly different and can often constitute harm to others, thus it is not entitled to the very(prenominal) near-absolute liberty. However, even with manner there should be a strong presumption in favor of liberty. Any alleged harm to others has to be clear and provable. When theres doubt, the behavior should not be suppressed. Many of the reasons for this parallel the reasons for freedom of expression.Just as expression might be true, false, or partly true and partly false, so might ones actions be right, wrong, or partly right and partly wrong. When theyre right they should be allowed, and when theyre wrong or partly right and partly wrong, its often best to allow them to stand as a challenge to the prevailing approved behavior, so people can best judge all the possible behaviors. There will be no positive replace for society as a whole if people are not allowed to experiment with behavior that is contrary to custom and the opinion of the majority.Every progressive, positive revision in register that has added to human happiness was at one time contrary to custom. To develop ones individuality, ones capacity for autonomously choosing ones own path in life, fosters happiness in and of itself, aside from the consequences of the specific behavior chosen thereby. Even if superficially it is the case that other choices coercively imposed would have been better, this benefit of being an autonomous person is lost. Unfortunately, in the modern era people seem all overly blind to the value of liberty and individuality.Little is shunned or looked down upon more than eccentricity or playacting contrary to custom. Of the Limits to the Authority of Society Over the Individual Every member of a society is obligated to refrain from harming others, and to provide his share of the labor and sacrifices necessary to safeguard and maintain that society. Society has the right to compel people to fulfill such obligations. If the harm rises to the level of violating the rights of others, then the law may be used against such stabbing behavior.If the harm is of a lower level, then only the force of public opinion may be used against such harmful behavior. If the behavior is not harmful to others, then no coerciongovernmental or otherwisemay be used against it, and people may only seek to influence it by persuasion. It can be argued that harm to self can then harm others and so should be included in what can be suppressed, but this harm to others is too in forecast and speculative. Plus, the individual is generally in the best position to know what constitutes harm to self, and so is the one who should make the decisions.Applications Not even all instances where behavior in some sense harms others should be suppressed. Sometimes people will be disadvantaged or have their liberty limited by the way other people exercise their liberty (e. g. , one person is prevented from getting a certain job because the employer hired someone else), but this is unavoidable and is unremarkably not proper to categorize as a coercive infringement on liberty. Should people be free to obtain and possess weapons and such that are used to harm others?Mostly yes, because the potential to harm is not to be treated as the equivalent of harm. In some cases, an acceptable middle backcloth should be sou ght, for instance allowing people to own such things, but keeping strict records of their name and address, what they purchased, their stated reason for purchasing it, etc. There can be rare cases of justified paternalism where a person is coerced to prevent harm to self. An example would be physically blocking a person from bungleing a bridge until it can be explained to him that it is unsafe.Because here youre not really thwarting the persons will, which is to get to the other side of the bridge, not to plunge to his death trying to cross it. There can be rare cases where a persons track record justifies intervention before the actual harm to others. If a person has an established history of violence when drunk, it may be justified to forcibly prevent him from getting drunk. There can be instances of offense that are so severe as to rise to the level of harm, and thus justify disallowing certain behaviors in public, where it would not be justified to prohibit those behaviors behi nd closed doors.Generally if it is wrong to use full coercion against a behavior, then it would be wrong to use partial coercion. For instance, if it would be wrong to make a certain thing mislabeled because its not directly harming others, it would also be wrong to tax it so heavily as to discourage it without banning it outright. Should a person be free to limit his own future self by entering into binding contracts? This will depend on the specifics. To not allow and enforce contracts would itself be a limitation on liberty, as would enforcing all contracts (e. . , slavery contracts).The law should seek a middle ground that maximizes freedom by enforcing contracts, but only with numerous safeguards, limitations, and exclusions. One area where some people are allowed far too much freedom in ways that harm others is in the family. Men are wrongly regarded as having sole authority in their home to deal with their wives and children as they see fit. The law should step in, even coer cively where necessary, to ensure that women have the same rights, the same liberties as men.A question that is only indirectly related to the primary concerns of this essay is the proper size and role of government, beyond the matter of its placing direct limitations on the liberty of the individual. As a rule of thumb, smaller government is better, because individuals are in a better position to make decisions about their own lives and resources than is local government, and local government is in a better position than the national government.

Analysing An Experience To Develop Current Knowledge Nursing Essay

Analysing An Experience To Develop Current Knowledge Nursing EssayReflectionIn this reflective account I will relate to a significant detail, demonstrating how I have developed personally and professionally, focusing on the implementation of care and contain. Rodgers (2002) suggests from Dewey (1933) that reflection is the process of reconstruction and reorganisation of experience which adds to the kernel of experience. Therefore analysing an experience, to develop your current knowledge, by reviewing your actions and assessing the experience to develop your own personal and professional skills in future practice. Hamill (1999) recommends writing reflection in starting person using Driscolls model of reflection (Driscoll 2000).The situation I have chosen to reflect on is an interaction with a patient who had been given a terminal diagnosis and had been informed the prognosis was limited. I have chosen to reflect on this account as it involved difficult communication which do me disbelief my competency as a school-age child and prior to the event I thought I would not be prepared to deal with it. (See Appendix)As I had previously interacted with the patient on her admission, I have already communicated and developed a relationship with her. Groogan (1999) states that communication creates a relationship, with communication providing a holistic approach to caring for the individual to meet their psychological, social, spiritual and physical needs. I was therefore able to recognise that something was wrong and identified that she wanted somebody to jaw to. Forrest (1989) identified core elements of nursing as picking up on cues and the importance of being there.Jarrett and Payne (1995) reviewed literature on hold-patient communication and concluded that there is a need for nurses to make an assessment of each individual situation, so that they are certain of whether the patient desires the information. Relating to the assessment I made of the situation I was aware the patient wanted to talk and realised that she was not asking for information but wanted someone to talk to.During the event I felt ardent and nervous around how to react and communicate with the patient as I had never been in that situation before. Buckman (1998) identified health care professionals experience forethought of the untaught and fear of saying I dont know, the experience of showing emotions was also identified and throughout the situation I felt empathy towards her. Empathy is defined as the psychogenic capacity to appreciate another persons lookinging without joining them, understanding patients experiences. (Hojat et al 2001).Sieh et al (1994) states that special emphasis is placed on listening and empathy skills in the prep of nurses. However, in the situation I questioned my competencies within my communication skills as I thought I was unequipped within my training to provide the care and support the patient required. On reflection, I identified that I worked within my role and limitations as a student to assess the situation and act as appropriate.Reflecting on the situation I have identified that non-verbal communication played a large part of the experience. Non-verbal communication includes the implement of eye contact, flexibility of facial swayions, the use of gestures, use of touch, pausing to allow a response timing and body posture (Purnell 2000). This definition relates to the situation as I was sat at her bedside when she began to cry, and then she tell to me I am dying arent I? She put her hand out and I just comforted her by holding her hand.The expression and news of experienceings of bolshie and grief can be very difficult for patients with incurable disease and their families (Clements- Cortes 2004) When she asked me the question I am dying arent I? my first thoughts were to ask a Staff Nurse to come and speak to her, but I felt as if she had chosen me to talk to and that I couldnt have walked away to get someone. Although I didnt answer her question, I felt as though I was supporting her by being with her and as I knew she understood her prognosis and felt that the question didnt need an answer.On reflection, the event directly impacted on the patient, me and my role as a student and my mentor. I feel that the patient was able to express her feeling and emotions and I was able to provide care and support within my role. I identified that I assessed the situation and made decisions to provide the best manageable care and support for the patient at the time. The situation made me question my ability however it developed my communication skills which are transferable to all aspects of nursing.To change me to reflect on the situation I used literature as part of the reflective process to read around communicating in alleviant care, the nurse-patient relationship to continuing development and promote learnedness as Glaze (2001) reports the use of literature is used as part of re flection to promote learning by reading around the topic.Following the event, I informed my mentor what had happened and she said she was aware of the situation and felt that I had dealt with it very well. We reflected on the event and I felt as though at the time somebody could have came to make sure the situation was ok but following the discussion my mentor was aware of the situation and that she would have intervened if necessary. Following the discussion I felt supported by my mentor, although the event was emotional and sensitive I feel it was a positive learning experience.Benner (1984) describes stages of practice from novice to expert, at this stage in my training, I am working towards an advanced beginner, although I recognise this in this situation I had no experience of communicating in difficult situations and for that reason I felt like a novice. For this reason I feel as though my mentor could have identified my weakness in this area and at the time and acted sooner. The role of the mentor is to assess and support the student in practice (NMC 2008) on this occasion I felt my mentor fulfilled their role after the discussion following the event, however during the event I felt it was just me and the patient, and I acted within my role.In conclusion, I have recognised the importance of the nurse-patient relationship and feel the experience at the time and reflecting on the experience has had a positive impact on my personal and professional development. Understanding that within the role of a nurse, communication is not only about information provision but about adapting your own skill to assess situations and act appropriately. In relation to implementation of care and support this experience highlights the nurse role to provide emotional support to continue to communicate effectively.

Scientific Method Applied To Forensic Science Environmental Sciences Essay

Scientific Method Applied To Forensic Science Environmental Sciences EssayForensic acquisition is often described as a light about patterns of crime mechanisms, about collection of information about the crime and its participants, about rules of evidence gathering, researching, evaluating and applying, and in the end about those media and methods based on this knowledge necessary for judicial scrutiny conduction and crime prevention (Raton, 2003). It makes it natural for this science to using up not hardly specific forensic methods, but general scientific method tested by time and different branches of natural and physical knowledge as well.The status scientific method fashion a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant selective information are gathered, a dead reckoning is hypothesise from these data, and the hypothesis is empiric everyy tested (Flexner Hauck, 1987). The matter is, many scientists fail to build a fundamental theory of how scientific m ethod is applied to forensic science, small-arm it is extremely important to differentiate the way it is applied to this science and the way it is applied to other sciences, as they differ to a great extent. Forensic sciences try out the past and not the present, Dr. doubting Thomas Young explains (Young, 2009).The first stage, observation and description is intended to find out and completely reflect what happened. The activity of observation requires effectual and intentional direct perception of objects and phenomena with the use of senses. It includes the study of materials and products, structures and textures. It is especially significant during inspection, search, and other investigative actions. The purpose of observation depends on the character of the object or phenomena we examine. Sometimes we separate some thing sometimes we look for certain characteristics, properties and vaunts this thing possesses. In other cases it can be the behavior of the suspect, accused e tcetera (Davis, 2005). According to these criteria, some facts revealed during observation and procedurally fixed can ca-ca the significance of evidence, while others (like the behavior of a defendant during the interrogation) can be just a kind of material to build fluctuations. In this way the task is to describe a set of defined circumstances, to reconstruct the picture of the crime or a tort, to recreate the intricate variety of past conditions as full as possible, paying attention to timing and order of events. The prerogative are the actions intended to reveal and fix the traces of the crime or tort that change fast and the evidences which can be easily lost or changed on purpose.When the expert has enough data to see what took place, he formulates a hypothesis or several of them to explain the observation. This process can be too called versification we look for versions. The gnoseological aspect interprets version as a form of transmission from unawareness to knowledge a bout the investigated event. Thats why it is defined as a form and process of reflecting material world phenomena and empowering the object lens nature of a examine object by thought itself. The process of cognition doesnt put borders between logical, psychological and cognitive aspects as they are all the parts of one process of mentality (Shafer, 2008).To have scientific power, hypotheses should be theoretically substantiated, allow specific order of verification and applicable methods to check the version. surmise is a driving force of science development hypothesis is one of the forms of science. Apart from the general theory of forensic science, the expert should apply his own passe-partout experience. This stage is based on exertion of different logical constructions as an instrument. It is closely connected with the next action, consisting in building up predictions of other phenomena or concluding results.The media and methods of forming forensic predictions are intende d for practical cognition of certain social phenomena which is a crime and aim at solving the question of criminality or guiltlessness of the subject. Hence they are to correspond to the strict criteria of reliability, legality, morality and acceptability. Each result, each consequence concluded from the proposed version should be carefully verified. Until the version is disproved and rejected, each fact logically coming from it should be checked in the light of its correspondence to the reality. Some part examined does not give way the reason to develop the version as something buttly true. If the examination provides contradicting data, you should never stop the tests. All the reasons of divergence should be found out.Falsification is an essential constituent of the scientific method. The hypothesis should be ideally either disproved or falsified. If there is a possibility to disprove the hypothesis, the scientist can discard it and turn to another, more correct hypothesis. Al ternatively, if the hypothesis is substantiate by the experimentation and the following observation, it still does not mean this confirmation proves the truth of the hypothesis, Thomas Young claims (Young, 2009). Among the other methods, some statistical methods (generating quantitative results) are applied. Though they are not very popular and, according to the results of the survey, only 7% of respondents rely on them. Quantitative methods dont receive wide practical use because they fail to take to account individual features, and because this systems are not developed that well at all (Shafer, 2008).The last and the very important stage includes the application of such scientific method as experiment. It is usually based on scientifically conducted test performed to study the verified phenomena and its links with other phenomena. The particular feature of the experiment is possibility and necessity to interfere in the process of testing, studying the phenomena from different si des and in different conditions. Through investigation experiment is applied in various forms. One of the most effective methods affirmed by the theory of forensic science is parallel (simultaneous) testing by several independent experimenters. It means that other investigators are permitted to check and try to falsify the hypothesis proposed by the scientist. This procedure provides the most optimal tempo of investigation and economization of working time of the team. It is also efficient to check up several versions across. Gradual verification threatens to take more time and even ruin precious evidences, miss the procedure deadline of investigation. broad rule of examination consists in the following test should go on until the version is disproved or until we achieve the feature when we can consider it to be the objective truth. The scientific method turns an assumption on any fact into a reliable piece of knowledge when we can prove this is the only fact to give such results. The hypothesis also turns into reliable knowledge when it is proved that all possible reasons of some fact except one are ruled out.The forensic version is right under the following circumstancesIf all possible suppositions concerning the circumstances of the crime under detection were taken into account and no rude(a) data bring new versions. For instance, if there are three versions of rack up (willful homicide, manslaughter, or an accident), disprove of the two versions except the first doesnt prove the willful murder is true. It can turn to be a mistake and truth nay be in the suicide version missed by the investigator.All the versions proposed concerning the situation were verified and all of them except the only one objectively proved were disproved and thrown away.All the consequences (circumstances) logically concluded from the proved version were thoroughly studied and revealed by confirmation.The version confirmed is absolutely coordinated with other circumstances of th e case.Only in the case all the conditions listed are observed, the version can be admitted as the one corresponding to reality and expressing the objective truth (Flexner Hauck, 1987).Eventually, when the hypothesis is confirmed repeatedly through times over time, this hypothesis has all the chances to pay off a theory. When we say a theory, we mean a common principle used by scientists to explicate phenomena and make predictions of further events.All in all, we have seen the systematic approach provided by the general scientific method when applied to the forensic science. At the same time it is necessary to remember that forensic science itself is often defined as the application of science to law. It goes without saying, it is not ideal at all and has its own disadvantages consisting in certain limitations, but still it has exhibit its sustainability in the sphere of crimes. The scientific method has proven itself over time to be a reliable way to arrive at real, measurable, observable truth, Dr. Thomas Young proclaims (Young, 2009).

Automation of Condenser and Radiator Tube Stacking

Automation of Condenser and Radiator Tube StackingIntroductionCE 3.1This career episode will focus on my last-place project carried push through to satisfy the credentials mandatory to complete my undergraduate degree. I was able to understand the process of mechanization cleaning process so angiotensin converting enzymer than the standard manual process. I understood the use of CATIA software in inventioning and developing the models for the project. I was able to enhance my communication and written skills. downplayCE 3.2Visteon Automotive India Private Ltd mainly concentrates on the quality of their product. The problem criteria related with the post tube milling process that is the condenser and radiator tube cleaning. The give in cleaning method is done manually. Limitations of the present method are that the tubes are produces at high speeds (for example 240 tubes/ min). It is not possible to control the rate of work of the tubes, so it requires more manpower for the clea ning process. It leads to many disadvantages such as erosion in tubes, stacking of tubes is unvoiced, more manpower is required, remains of burrs and coolant, more time is required for the entire process.CE 3.3This project is aimed to design an automation process for this ongoing issue. A few concepts were modelled in CATIA. Only one concept was accepted by Visteon for which complete modelling, drafting and costing was done. Since the concept meets the requirements it would arrive at Visteon in terms of automation, less manpower, customer satisfaction, work accuracy and cost effective process.CE 3.4The followers activities were essential to successful competition of the projectCompletion of the project within the timeframe given by the professor.Have brain storming sessions with project supervisor on how to engage out the work.I read books and conducted a literature review on material properties and selection.Discuss with lab technicians on the parts required for designing the automation process.Carry out the necessary designs using CATIA softwareCalculate the material cost along with its dimensions.The project documentation was completed which presented my finding and the results to the project supervisor and the faculty.CE 3.5The hierarchy of the project is shown belowPersonal Engineering ActivityCE 3.6As part of the final project we were formed in groups of three. I along with my team members were assigned to a project supervisor. After a few brainstorming sessions, our supervisor suggested to visit Visteon Automotive and find out a problem criteria. After careful observation and proviso myself and my team members decided to develop an automatic tube stacking and cleaning process for the condenser and radiator. This project helped in reducing the overall cost, lying-in required and better cleaning quality.CE 3.7This was a challenging project the first step was to understand the procedure carried out my manual cleaning. I conducted a literature review on the manual process and its advantages and disadvantages along with the material properties and selection. The project supervisor helped in understanding the major(ip) requirementsAutomated stacking of tubesAutomated loading of tubes in trays/binsAutomated cleaning process either through blowing process or suctionI suggested the project tie that we use CATIA software as it has better 3D visualization for which the project guide agreed and asked to carry out the design of the automation process.CE 3.8Myself and my team members carried out different designs which would help in the automation process. I have encountered a few limitations in our designs and approached the supervisor with the findings. The supervisor was impressed with the findings and suggested to talk to one of the employee of Visteon Automotive to help us with the problem. The main limitations encountered while designing are as followsTubes with different dimensions cannot be arranged.Since the tubes are produced at 240 pieces/min (average) it is very intemperate to arrange in a single plane.Slip of tubes may occur frequently.Cleaning is not done completely.Frequent monitoring is required. Thereby increasing the labour cost.CE 3.9After careful planning and taking into consideration the key points myself and my team members were able to produce a design for the automation process and has fulfil the major requirements. The process begins as the tubes from hopper are collected Tubes get collected in stacker 1 which are balanced by and remains at that place until a certain make out is filled (approx. 100 tubes). As the amount is achieved, plate A opens and the tubes get into stacker 2. As soon as the certain amount reaches stacker 2, the plate A again closes to hold the remaining tubes. The movable walls lock the tubes in stacker 2 and with the help of a linear rotary clamp cylinder (900 cylinders), the stacker bends down to the bin position. The movable walls retract, then encircle A come s in contact, takes the bin to the cleaning area, cleaning process takes place and the same arm drops the bin in the unloading area. Finally, the product is unloaded manually.CE 3.10Once the design was approved the next step was to fabricate the parts required for the model. I took the initiative to list all the parts required for the model. After which our supervisor suggested the materials required for the parts. I also carried out the material cost for parts requiring fabrication. The costs for other parts were calculated and the entire estimate was made. The Bill of Materials includes the details about the material used density of the respective material used, dimensions such as length, breadth, thickness, diameter, mass, and volume are indicated.CE 3.11The following are the key aspects from my analysisThe problems in manual cleaning of condenser and radiator tubes are erosion in tubes stacking of tubes is difficult more manpower is required remains of burrs and coolant more tim e is required for the entire process.Suction building block was provided with an adjustable linear guide so that the unit can be adjusted according to the tube dimensions.Cylinder mechanism was provided to transfer tubes from stacker 1 and 2 in order to reduce tube damage.L clamp structures were provided for cylinders as holding devices to reduce space.The final concept meets all the requirements such as automated stacking automated loading of tubes in bins and automated cleaning.It would benefit them in terms of automation, less manpower, customer satisfaction and work accuracy.SummaryCE 3.12The project was completed within the timeframe given due to proper planning and has met the requirements. I had discussions with lab assistants to understand different tools of the CATIA software. I strengthened my communication and written skills along with analytical ability by working on the design of the automatic tube stacking and cleaning process. The results of the projects were documen ted and submitted to the project guide.

Humanity in Ridley Scotts Blade Runner Essay -- Film Movies

Humanity in Ridley Scotts Blade base runnerThe issue of piece is one of the central themes in Blade Runner. Countless arguments permit taken place everyplace whether or not Deckard is a replicant. The replicants atomic number 18 supposed to be better humans than humans. director Ridley Scott has many ways to communicate this theme, but one of the most prevalent is look. Human eyes argon featured both in the beginning of the charter and near the end. After a brief introductory text crawl which explains the world in which the mental picture takes place, Blade Runner cuts to a dark, futuristic Los Angeles. at that place are some flying cars, but mostly we see dark, smog-filled skies and smokestacks belching fire. As the camera moves crosswise this landscape, blue eyes are superimposed on the screen. These eyes first establish traditional humanity as a force in the film. The eyes belong to Holden, a blade runner. Blade runners are police officers who hunt down and kill, or ret ire, replicants. Holden is administering the Voight-Kampff show, which determines whether its subject is a traditional human or a replicant, to Leon. Leon is a replicant, and when Holden asks him a question that he cant answer, Leon shoots him. Eyes are often thought of as the windows to the soul. It is this nebulous concept of the soul which is often use as the line in the sand dividing humanity from everything else. The Voight-Kampff test is designed to measure emotional responses. If the subject doesnt have any, its a replicant. Leon was going to fail the test and be killed, so he killed Holden. Isnt that a peril of the particular emotion known as rage? Well, maybe its a rational decision or an instinctual survival reaction. However, a later scene lends tilt to the... ...l are in love and want to run off together. As they are leaving his apartment, Deckard sees an origami unicorn on the floor. One can interpret this as Gaff presentation Deckard that his memories are implants . Regardless of whether one accepts the unicorn interpretation given here, the question of what it means to be human is a core theme in Blade Runner. After-the-fact directorial revelations aside, by leaving an element of ambiguity in Deckards identity, Scott mirrors ambiguity in the question. He doesnt have a distinct answer, hes not pushing some agenda. Even now, with small-scale help from technology, we face a species-wide identity crisis. The whole issue of the legality of abortions stems from a disagreement over what constitutes a human. This is an important question that were going to have to do a better job of answering, and Scott makes an excellent start. Humanity in Ridley Scotts Blade Runner Essay -- Film MoviesHumanity in Ridley Scotts Blade RunnerThe issue of humanity is one of the central themes in Blade Runner. Countless arguments have taken place over whether or not Deckard is a replicant. The replicants are supposed to be better humans than humans. Director Ridley Scott has many ways to communicate this theme, but one of the most prevalent is eyes. Human eyes are featured both in the beginning of the film and near the end. After a brief introductory text crawl which explains the world in which the movie takes place, Blade Runner cuts to a dark, futuristic Los Angeles. There are some flying cars, but mostly we see dark, smog-filled skies and smokestacks belching fire. As the camera moves across this landscape, blue eyes are superimposed on the screen. These eyes first establish traditional humanity as a force in the film. The eyes belong to Holden, a blade runner. Blade runners are police officers who hunt down and kill, or retire, replicants. Holden is administering the Voight-Kampff test, which determines whether its subject is a traditional human or a replicant, to Leon. Leon is a replicant, and when Holden asks him a question that he cant answer, Leon shoots him. Eyes are often thought of as the windows to the soul. It is t his nebulous concept of the soul which is often used as the line in the sand dividing humanity from everything else. The Voight-Kampff test is designed to measure emotional responses. If the subject doesnt have any, its a replicant. Leon was going to fail the test and be killed, so he killed Holden. Isnt that a display of the particular emotion known as rage? Well, maybe its a rational decision or an instinctual survival reaction. However, a later scene lends weight to the... ...l are in love and want to run off together. As they are leaving his apartment, Deckard sees an origami unicorn on the floor. One can interpret this as Gaff showing Deckard that his memories are implants. Regardless of whether one accepts the unicorn interpretation given here, the question of what it means to be human is a core theme in Blade Runner. After-the-fact directorial revelations aside, by leaving an element of ambiguity in Deckards identity, Scott mirrors ambiguity in the question. He doesnt have a definite answer, hes not pushing some agenda. Even now, with little help from technology, we face a species-wide identity crisis. The whole issue of the legality of abortions stems from a disagreement over what constitutes a human. This is an important question that were going to have to do a better job of answering, and Scott makes an excellent start.

cruelty :: essays research papers

Cruel Sports And How They Effect Animals     "The referee shouts, "Ready, pit" The birds explode                from their handlers grasps and collide breast to breast, a           foot off the ground. Beak grabbing beak, hackles flame up           like porcupine quills, they bounce apart and then collide,           again and again. The hatch takes command. The roundhead           rolls over, then revives. He pounds the Hatch with a foot,           spearing a lung. The Hatch fades, hunkering down and                refusing to budge. As he coughs up drops of blood, his           breathing sounds l ike footsteps on gravel. The Roundhead,           fatigued but intact, wins. The Hatch is carried off, most           likely to die" (Kilborn 3). This is just one account of a cruel animal sport like cock strifeing. This is a epidemic that needs to be stopped. Too many animals are killed for the illegal profit of a few.      In todays advanced society there are still humans who thrive on the killing of defenseless animals. Some people do this for the fun and the sport, piece of music otherwises do it as a way to make a living. The three animals that are most commonly abused are cocks, bulls and dogs. These animals fight against other animals and humans. ordinarily these fights go to the death. The term cruel sports is most often used to describe these fights. Cruel animal sports can be defined as an arranged fight between two animals or an animal and a human for the fun and or profit of the people involved. In most cases these fights are illegal. Although with the amount of cash to be won through illegal betting the risks are usually overlooked. Especially because of the lack of law enforcement that is delegated to cases like this. Stronger legislation needs to be select to completely stop cruel sports that abuse animals.      in that location are two forms of cock combat. Naked heel fighting is the less deadly of the two. Whereas artificial heel fighting is a lot more inhumane. Metal spurs of up to three inches are placed over the cocks natural spurs to cause a devastating effect to the other bird. These metal spurs can puncture a heart or a lung with one kick. When the birds fight with metal spurs the fights are for the most part quick and to the death. There is no need to provoke the birds once their in the ring. It is a natural instinct for them to fight over territory.